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immunology > innate > Flashcards

innate Flashcards

1
Q

What are commensals?

A

good bacteria on skin and in gut.

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2
Q

How does the skin protect against infection? (4)

A
  1. continual shedding of the outer epidermal cells.
  2. Epidermal cells form waterproof barrier.
  3. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum that lowers the pH and contains defensins that disrupts bacterial membranes
  4. Commensal bacteria.
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3
Q

How do the lungs protect against infection? (3)

A

Secretion of defensins like those in sebum.

Secretion of mucous lining the airways.

Cilia beating the mucous. (mucociliary escalator).

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4
Q

What are toll-like-receptors (TLR’s)?

A

Cell membrane receptors that recognise molecular patterns commonly found on bacterium.

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5
Q

What is complement?

A

A collection of proteins found in the blood and in tissue fluid that contribute to the innate immune response by binding to microbes in a similar way to TLR’s.

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6
Q

What do complement components C3a and C5a do?

A

Soluble and diffuse into the extracellular fluid activating phagocytes and attracting inflammatory cells.

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7
Q

What does complement component C3b do?

A

Attaches to bacterial cell walls and acts as an opsonin.

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8
Q

What components make up complement component C9?

A

C5b, C6, C7 and C8.

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9
Q

What does complement component C9 do?

A

Creates a hole in microbial cell membranes, and kills it.

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10
Q

What do mast cells contain, and what are the roles of these chemicals?

A

granules of the following:

  1. Histamine - increases small blood vessel permeability.
  2. Prostaglandins - stimulate pain receptors and increase small blood vessel permeability.
  3. Chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils.
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11
Q

Stimuli for degranulation of mast cells?

A

Trauma, Heat and cold, Complement components C3a and C5a, cytokines.

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12
Q

What is degranulation?

A

When the granules inside a mast cell release their contents through endocytosis.

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13
Q

What does Interleukin-10 do?

A

It is an anti-inflammatory.

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14
Q

What causes the systemic effects of the inflammatory response, and give 2 examples.

A

Cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators entering the bloodstream and circulating to other organs.

Fever.

Acute phase proteins.

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15
Q

What is the acute phase reaction?

A

When pro-inflammatory cytokines circulate to the liver and cause the release of lots of useful proteins.

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16
Q

Examples of acute phase proteins. (4)

A

Complement proteins.

Coagulation Proteins e.g. fibrinogen

C-reactive protein (a bacterial opsonin

Protease inhibitors.

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17
Q

What are red blood cells scientifically called?

A

erythrocytes

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18
Q

What are white blood cells scientifically called?

A

Leukocytes.

19
Q

What pathogen do eosinophils typically target?

A

Helminths.

20
Q

How does urine contribute to the innate immune system?

A

‘Friendly’ bacteria produce lactic acid and propionic acid lowering the Ph to 5.5 - 6.5

21
Q

How does Histamine affect the tissues?

A

Increased blood flow, causing redness.

Increased capillary permeability.

Pain.

Contraction of smooth muscle.

22
Q

What are prostaglandins and what are their effects?

A

A mast cell mediator (released by mast cell) - Causes: Vasodilation platelet aggregation and pain.

23
Q

What are Leukotrienes and what are their effects?

A

A mast cell mediator (released by mast cell) - Causes: Increased vascular permeability, mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction.

24
Q

What are Cytokines and what are their effects?

A

A chemical that acts as a mast cell mediator (released by mast cell) - Causes: inflammation and amplification of the immune response.

25
Q

How is MHC class I used in the immune response?

A

Used by Natural killer cells to recognise ‘self’ some cancerous and viral cells do not express it.

26
Q

Difference in MHC class I and II?

A

Class I is expressed by all nucleated cells.

Class II is used by cells generating the immune response.

27
Q

How does inheritance effect MHC I ?

A

Everyone inherits one gene for each of the A B and C components of MHC Class I From each parent resulting in between three and six MHC I molecules.

28
Q

How do natural Killer cells kill ‘non-self’ cells?

A

Release of perforin, causing perforations in the cell.

29
Q

How do eosinophils kill Helminths?

A

Respiratory burst of O2-.

Release of high basic and toxic proteins.

Release of lipid mediators.

30
Q

List four innate defences of the human immune system.

A

Interferons.

Natural killer cells.

Mast cells.

eosinophils.

31
Q

Three types of physical epithelial barriers to infection, how they help?

A

Skin - continually producing new cells and generating keratin.

Non-ciliated mucosa - inside the GI and GU tracts. slippery mucus is secreted and helps prevent pathogens reaching the gut.

Ciliated mucosa - in the respiratory tract, cilia supports a layer of thin watery mucus, this traps particles and pathogens and propels them up to the throat.

32
Q

Name one thing the body secretes to combat bacteria?

A

Natural antibiotics.

33
Q

How do phagocytes actually kill the bacteria (4)

A

Generation of reactive oxygen species

Release of proteolytic enzymes

Reduction in pH

synthesis of cytokines

34
Q

Three different types of things contained in a mast cell?

A

preformed mediators.

lipid mediators

cytokines

35
Q

Process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. recognition, 2. adherence 3. engulfment 4. destruction
36
Q

Do Natural Killer cells recognise MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC I, they recognise non-self, e.g. cancer cells that forget to express MHC I

37
Q

Difference in MHC Class I and MHC class II?

A

MHC class I is expressed by all nucleated cells

MHC class II is all immune response cells

38
Q

How do CD4 +ve T-lymphocytes become activated?

A

The TCR interacts with MHC Class II on APC’s, this causes activation and maturation into T-helper cells.

39
Q

What is the first Ig to be released? What is the class switch to?

A

IgM is originally released, and then there is a class switch to IgG

40
Q

In the class switch of antibodies what changes?

A

Only the constant region of the heavy chain. (Antigen binding site remains)

41
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells recognise on cell surface membranes?

A

MHC I plus a viral peptide not MHC II

42
Q

What is the priming response?

A

The ability of Plasma cells to produce IgG faster.

43
Q

Antibodies mode of action? (4)

A

Exclusion (e.g. aggulation in saliva)

Phagocytosis is enhanced by IgG

Activates pro-inflammatory mediators e.g. complement, mast cells, eosinophils.

immunology (2 decks)

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