Innate Immunity

Question 1

What are the 3 levels of defense for vertebrates?

Answer 1

physical barriers, innate immune system, adaptive immune system

Question 2

Which immune system in the body requires specific (type of antigen) antigen binding?

Answer 2

adaptive

Question 3

Is the immune system more general or specific towards antigen response?

Answer 3

general

Question 4

Name some physical barriers of the immune system.

Answer 4

skin, tears, mucus, pH of gut, cilia movement, normal flora

Question 5

Which part of the immune system reacts first if physical barriers fail? How quick does this happen?

Answer 5

innate immune system; 0-12 hours

Question 6

How long does it take the adaptive immune response to make an noticeable effect?

Answer 6

1-2 weeks

Question 7

How does the body know it is infected?

Answer 7

cell surface receptors

Question 8

What type of things can cell surface receptors detect?

Answer 8

non-host cells, danger cells, torn tissue, debris from cellular waste, molecular patterns on pathogens not part of human structure

Question 9

What types of cell surface receptors do innate immune cells have?

Answer 9

PAMP and phagocytic

Question 10

What do toll- like receptors recognize?

Answer 10

recognize molecular patterns of foreign invaders (PAMP) like lipopolysaccharide

Question 11

What receptors are phagocytic?

Answer 11

mannose receptor(residue on cell surface), scavenger receptor(cellular debris), N-formyl-methionyl receptor

Question 12

Do you have TLRs only on the external surface of the cell?

Answer 12

No, they can also detect virus/bacteria internally

Question 13

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

Answer 13

a virus because they can only replicate within a host cell and not on their own

Question 14

Describe the relationship between a ligand and receptor.

Answer 14

receptor picks up ligand signal, that is relayed to nucleus, gene gets transcribed (inflammatory/anti-inflammatory gene), proteins made

Question 15

What is the only way B-cells and T-cells are active at the site of infection?

Answer 15

If the antigen is still present after they are trafficked to the lymph node and then back to the site of infectioin

Question 16

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 16

bacteria is present/debris, binds to a receptor on the phagocyte, cell membrane wraps around the microbe and pulls it into the cell, creating a phagosome, phagosome fuses with a lysosome (phagolysosome), and enzymes destroy/degrade the microbe within in