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BPK 307 > Innate Immunology > Flashcards

Innate Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of immune system

A
  1. Protect from pathogens and foreign molecules
  2. Remove dead or damaged cells
  3. Attempts to recognize and remove abnormal cells- bacteria, cancer, infected
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2
Q

What can go wrong with immune system function

A

Incorrect response- autoimmune disease (type I diabetes- recognize part of u as bad)
Overactive responses- allergies (overreact to something that isn’t naturally harmful)
Lack of response- immunodeficiency disease (HIV)- immune system can’t launch a response

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3
Q

Lines of defence

A
  1. Physical- skin, mucous membranes (nasal and oral cavity- spit out, stomach- acidic), antimicrobial, substances (excrete in sweat and oil)
  2. Inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain, increase blood flow to area to deliver immune cells), fever (inc body temp, inc immune activity), phagocytes (break down, ingest invader)
  3. Humoral (antibodies) and cellular immunity (specific T/B cells)
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4
Q

Innate vs adaptive lines of defence

A

Lines 1/2- innate
Line 3- adaptive

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5
Q

What is GALT

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue
Screen digestive for invading bacteria

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6
Q

Role of lymph vessels in immunity

A

Uptake extra fluid, blood
Check if bad stuff in contents via lymph nodes
Lymph nodes- house immune cells that can spot and get rid of bacteria
Drain back into circulation at subclavian veins

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7
Q

Where are most blood cells produced

A

Red Bone marrow (RBC, WBC)

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8
Q

Role of thymus

A

T cells mature

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9
Q

How do lymph valves open

A

An increase in hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

What fibres trap microorganisms- immune system anatomy

A

Reticular fibres
In lymph
Trap then macrophages can destroy

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11
Q

Spleen and immune system

A

Red and white pulp
Red- remove aging RBC and blood borne pathogens
White- houses T and B cells
Innate and adaptive immune system

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12
Q

Name innate immune system cells

A

Basophils
Eosinophil
Mast cell

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13
Q

Adaptive immune system cells

A

Plasma cell
B cell
T cells- helper T, cytotoxic T, regulatory T

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14
Q

Cells considered both innate and adaptive

A

Neutrophil
Monocyte
Dendritic
Natural killer

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15
Q

Function basophils

A

Release histamines that cause inflammation (indirectly kill)

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16
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Kills parasites with oxidative burst

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17
Q

Mast cell function

A

Kills infected cells via cytolysis or apoptosis

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18
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Phagocytize bacteria or fungi

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19
Q

Monocyte function

A

Precursor to macrophage- macrophage can be fixed or wander, cause INFLAMMATION and perform PHAGOCYTOSIS
differentiate into macrophage

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20
Q

Dendritic cell function

A

Phagocytize bacteria and present antigens to T cells
In skin, respiratory, intestinalmucosa
Act as antigen presenting cell (APC)

21
Q

Natural killer cell function

A

Kills cancer cells and virus infected cells
- do not target specific virus

22
Q

Plasma cell and B cell function

A

Recognizes antigens and produces anitibodies
- plasma cell non specific antibodies
- B cells specific anitibodies

23
Q

Helper T cell function

A

Secrete cytokines
Help activate B cells
CD4+ cells that bind MHC class II molecules in APCs

24
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) function

A

License to kill- target specific abnormal cells (mug shot)
CD8+ cells that bind to MHC class I molecules

25
Q

Regulator T cell (Treg) function

A

CD4+ cells that destroy cells that do not correctly recognize self cells

26
Q

Name the stem cell type and the differentiation pathway to RBC, WBC, platelets

A

Pluripotent stem cells
- myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell
Myeloid stem cell
- erythrocyte, platelet, mast cell, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil (granular leukocytes), dendritic cell, monocyte
Lymphoid stem cell
- monocyte, T cell, B cell, plasma cell, natural killer cell (agranular leukocytes)

27
Q

Function epithelial layer

A

Prevent entry- physical barrier, innate immune system

28
Q

what is complements function

A

Acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system
- killing of microbes, opsonization of microbes, activate leukocytes
Uses circulating proteins

29
Q

Function of cytokines

A

Inflammation
TNF- tumour necrosis factor
IL- interleukin
- immune signalling molecules recruited to site, aid, boost

30
Q

Cytokine storm

A

Immune system goes into overdrive, start to target own tissues

31
Q

Target audience for general infections

A

Weaker, not developed immune system individuals
- highest death in young and old

32
Q

Target audience for Spanish flu

A

Strong immune system made it easier to kick into overdrive- cytokines storm
- 18-45 robust immune system target

33
Q

Innate immunity- barrier types, cells in blood circulation, cells in tissue and lymph, response time

A

Physical barriers- skin, hair, secretions
Cells in blood circulation- granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils), mast cells, macrophages
Cells in tissue and lymph- monocytes, microglia, dendritic cell- all have soluble factors
Rapid response sec-min

34
Q

Outer layer of skin describe

A

Epidermis
Dead and dying cells so bacteria comes off with layer
- layer has keratin- protein and keratinocytes- cells

35
Q

What’s the problem with physical barriers and cystic fibrosis

A

No saline layer
Can’t move ex. Water, ions. So substance can’t be removed and gets trapped in tissue

36
Q

Eye physical barrier mechanism

A

Substance contacts eye, lacrimal gland produces tears, remove substance
Or
Nasolacrimal duct connects eye to nose, can move substance this way and excrete via mucus

37
Q

All barrier types and examples

A

Physical
- skin, lacrimal gland (eye), ciliary escalator, earwax, urine, vaginal secretions, peristalsis, defecation, vomit, diarrhea
Chemical
- sebum (forms protective film and lowers pH (3-5) of skin
- lysozymes destroy bacteria cell wall (in perspiration, tears, saliva, urine)
- gastric juice (1.2-3)
- vaginal secretions (3-5)
- oil, sweat

38
Q

4 words for inflammation

A

Red, heat, pain, swollen,

39
Q

What do histamines cause

A

Swelling, edema (fluid build up, lymph picks up), vasodilation

40
Q

Function interleukins

A

Fever, migration of WBCs from blood vessels to site of infection
- positive feedback until problem cleared
- interleukins are a type of cytokine

41
Q

Vascular reactions and phagocytosis- inflammatory response

A
  1. Chemicals- histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines are released by damaged cells
  2. Blood clot forms
  3. Abscess starts to form
  4. Margination- phagocytes stick to endothelium
  5. Diapedesis- phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
  6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs
42
Q

Where are monocytes found and where do they become macrophages

A

Monocytes circulate the blood stream
Macrophage when leave circulation

43
Q

Types of macrophage receptors

A

LPS receptor- lipopolysaccaride ex. CD14 *
Toll-like receptor *
Fc receptor
Mannose receptor
Complement receptor *
IFN(gamma) receptor
Chemokine receptor (and cytokine) *

44
Q

Phagocytosis steps and overall function

A

Engulf and break down bacteria/microbe
1. Chemotaxis and adherence of phagocyte to microbe- receptor (ex. Toll like)
2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3. Formation of phagosome- phagocytic vesicle
4. Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome- phagolysosome
5. Digestion of microbe by enzymes (hydrolytic) in phagolysosome
6. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7. Discharge residual bodies- waste material that can’t be broken down

45
Q

Differences in invader vs human cells that are used for target recognition

A

dsRNA
- in replicating viruses
- recognition: ds-RNA activates kinase and TLR3 (toll like receptor 3)
- innate response: IFN(alpha or beta)
LPS (lipopolysaccaride)
- found in cell wall gram-negative bacteria
- recognition: LBP (lipo binding protein), CD14, TLR4
- innate response: macrophage activation

46
Q

What do mast cells have

A

High affinity receptors for IgE
Pre-formed granules that contain inflammatory mediators (ex. Histamines, heparin)
Secrete cytokines, chemokines, leukotrienes

47
Q

What do mast cell secretions cause

A

Cytokines- inflammation
Chemokines- infiltration by monocytes and neutrophils
Leukotrienes- muscle contraction and increase vascular permeability

48
Q

Diapedesis steps

A
  1. Bacteria trigger local macrophages to release cytokines that act paracrine- neighbour
    Mast cells release histamines- induce inflammation
  2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability causes redness, heat, swelling, pain (erythema, edema)
  3. Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited, migrate through endothelial cell layer, release inflammatory mediators

BPK 307 (13 decks)

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