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HP LAB > INSTRUMENTATION IN HISTOTECHNOLOGY > Flashcards

INSTRUMENTATION IN HISTOTECHNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

ROUTINE PROCEDURES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY LAB

A

● Receiving (not included in tissue processing)
● Gross Examination
● Fixation
● Decalcification (only included when the tissue is
from a bone, cartilage, or with calcium deposits)
● Dehydration
● Clearing
● Infiltration
● Embedding
● Sectioning
● Staining
● Mounting
● Labeling

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2
Q

Patient’s name, age, sex, clinical data,
surgical findings, nature of operation, name
of tissue submitted

A

Checking of labels

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3
Q

A for autopsy
○ S for surgical/biopsy specimen
➔ Serial number format may vary depending
on the hospital

A

Serial numbers are assigned

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4
Q

A chemical process by which biological tissues are
preserved in a state as close to living tissue as
possible (both chemically and structurally)

A

FIXATION

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5
Q

Fixatives terminate any on-going biochemical
reactions (stop the processes), and may also increase

A

FIXATION

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6
Q

● Protects the tissue from decay, thereby preventing
autolysis and putrefaction

A

FIXATION

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7
Q

Fixative of fixation

A

Formalin

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8
Q

Fixation has 2 types

A

○ Initial Fixation
○ Further Fixation

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9
Q

This step can be skipped depending on the tissue or
specimen (only done on calcified specimens)

A

DECALCIFICATION

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10
Q

Performed by a pathologist
macroscopic characteristics
Specimen is cut into representative sections about 2
cm2 and not more than 4 mm in thickness

A

GROSS EXAMINATION

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11
Q

Use for bone tissue, as well as other calcified
specimen

A

DECALCIFICATION

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12
Q

■ Done overnight/ 24hrs (much
longer)

A

Initial Fixation

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13
Q

Done during tissue processing

A

Further Fixation

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14
Q

Increasing concentrations of hydrophilic fluids
(water-miscible)
○ Dilute and eventually replace free water in
tissues

A

DEHYDRATION

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15
Q

The transition step between dehydration and
infiltration.
● A chemical agent (solvent) that is miscible with the
dehydrating and infiltrating agents is used to facilitate
the transition between dehydration and infiltration.
● The term ‘clearing’ arises from the ability of some
solvents with high refractive indices to render
anhydrous tissues transparent or clear.

A

CLEARING

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16
Q

Also known as casting or blocking

A

EMBEDDING

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17
Q

This type of microtome is generally used for cutting
semi-thin to thin sections of paraffin wax embedded
material for light microscopy.

A

ROTARY MICROTOME

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18
Q

These are used for drying the water that is collected
during the sectioning of tissue section.
● The temperature used is between 5 to 10 degrees
above the melting point of the paraffin.

A

SLIDE DRYERS

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19
Q

Paraffin wax

A

Embedding and Infiltration

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20
Q

This process refers to the cutting of the embedded
tissues into uniformly thin slices using the microtome.

A

SECTIONING

21
Q

This process is done by placing the infiltrated tissue,
in a precisely arranged position, in a mold containing
a medium which is allowed to solidify

A

EMBEDDING

22
Q

___________ are then prepared for sectioning or
cutting.

A

Embedded tissues

23
Q

Protecting tissue sections from physical damage by
coating it with a transparent medium then covering it
with a glass slip.

A

MOUNTING

24
Q

Staining is the process of adding colors or dyes to the
thin tissue slices for enhanced visualization and
differentiation of cellular structures

A

STAINING

25
Q

➔ ________ = to find something;
➔ _________ = for pointer/focus
➔ __________ for everyone to see
➔ _________: to revolve objectives

A

Left eye
Right eye
Rotating eyepiece
Revolving nosepiece

26
Q

_____________: focuses/control/condenses the light for
easier viewing
➔____________: adjusting light according to
your preference
➔ ______________ for scanner, LPO
➔ ___________: for higher magnification

A

Condenser
Illuminator
Coarse adjustment
fine adjustment

27
Q

The earliest form of microtomy was the _____________ of fresh or fixed material using a sharp
razor. Modern microtomes are precision instruments
designed to cut uniformly thin sections of a variety of
material for detailed microscopic examination

A

freehand

28
Q

This type of microtome is generally used for cutting
semi-thin to thin sections of paraffin wax embedded
material for light microscopy.
○ Paraffin embedded tissues are normally cut
between 3 to 5 µm (standard).

➔ For brightfield/light microscope

A

ROTARY MICROTOME

29
Q

____________ has a lateral movement/displacement

A

knife

30
Q

Old and obsolete
● These are designed for cutting large blocks of paraffin
and resin embedded material including whole organs.
○ For light microscopy.

A

SLIDING MICROTOME

31
Q

➔ Also known as the Cambridge microtome
● The razor of this microtome is fixed and the specimen
to be sliced for microscopic examination passes up
and down in an arc of a circle across the razor in a
rocking motion.

A

ROCKING MICROTOME

32
Q

The rocking microtome was invented by _________

A

Sir Horace Darwin

33
Q

Used for normal type of tissue sample

A

ROCKING MICROTOME

34
Q

This form of microtome is used for cutting thin to
semi-thin (about 8-12µm) sections of fresh, frozen
tissue

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

35
Q

___________ primarily used for cutting sections of
frozen tissue. It commonly consists of a microtome
contained within a refrigerated chamber, the
temperature of which can be maintained at a preset
level.

With the block, blockholder and knife all at the same
temperature and all other conditions for cutting the
material optimal, sections as thin as ________ are
possible

A

CRYOSTAT
1 micron

36
Q

This form of microtome is used for cutting thin to
semi-thin (about 8-12µm) sections of fresh, frozen
tissue

A

FREEZING MICROTOME

37
Q

The ______________ is equipped with a stage
upon which tissue can be quickly frozen using either liquid carbon dioxide, from a cylinder, or a low
temperature recirculating coolant.

A

freezing microtome

38
Q

Also known as Ultrathin microtome
● It is used to prepare ultrathin sections (0.1 µm or less)
for light and electron microscopy

A

ULTRAMICROTOME

39
Q

___________ are usually made from glass, diamond or
sapphire.

A

knives

40
Q

_____________: for trimming/stray sections or
survey sections
____________ for thin sections

A

Glass knives
Diamond & sapphire knives:

41
Q

➔ Tissue stain used: _____________
< responsible for making the tissue black

A

metallic salts (osmium tetroxide)

42
Q

These are used for floating the paraffin ribbon.
● Temperature depends on a degree of the personal
preference of the microtomist, but it is recommended
to maintain a temperature of ___________
the melting point of the paraffin used during
embedding

A

Floatation bath
5 to 10 degrees below

43
Q

These are used for drying the water that is collected
during the sectioning of tissue section.
● The temperature used is between ___________ the melting point of the paraffin.
● Slides are left to dry for approximately _________
after they have been appropriately drained.

A

5 to 10 degrees above
15-20 minutes,

44
Q

_______________is used to heat and speed some
procedures.
● Some special stains techniques are performed in the
microwave oven.
● Heat induced epitope retrieval for
Immunohistochemistry is done in some occasions in
the microwave oven

A

Microwave oven

45
Q

Linear types transfer slides from one container to the
next container with the same time allowed in each
container.
● Revolving types are similar to the linear stainer and
the time allowed in each can be varied.
● Robotic ones are flexible with computerized
programming that allows the continuous loading and
use of the same solutions at different timing.

A

AUTOMATED STAINERS

46
Q

It is a complete system designed for embedding
tissue in paraffin. It provides a controlled heated
environment (paraffin is kept at 2 - 4ºC above its
melting point) for the processed cassettes and
eliminates xylene contamination.

A

EMBEDDING CENTERS

47
Q

______________used is the universal tissue cassette
clam

A

Cassette holder

48
Q

The _____________ is locked at 12 o’clock position

A

flywheel

49
Q

Maintains the paraffin wax in liquid form and aids in
dispensing of wax into molds or casts

A

PARAFFIN WAX DISPENSER

HP LAB (4 decks)

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