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Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A
  • Skin and accessory structures
  • cover and protect external surface
  • Largest organ - 15-20% total body weight
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2
Q

Epidermis

A
  • the epithelial covering of the skin
  • protective barrier
  • avascular, minimally innvervated
  • dense cells, no intercellular space
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3
Q

Dermis

A
  • supportive CT layer
  • highly vascular and innervated
  • most skin appendages are here
  • strong ECM component
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4
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • superficial fascia
  • variable in thickness
  • primarily adipose compartments
  • highly vascular
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5
Q

Skin Appendages

A
  • hair follicles
  • nails
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
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6
Q

What is an epithelium?

A

Cell that creates a selective barrier between the external environment and underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Stratified squamous orthokeratinized epithelium
  • dense cells with no ECM
  • Principle cell is keratinocytes
  • divided into 5 layers
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8
Q

Stratum Basal (Bottom Layer) (Stratum Germinativum)

A
  • Mitotic Cells (Beginning of life cycle)
  • desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
  • very strong cell junctions
  • keratin is primary cytoskeleton protein
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9
Q

5 Layers of Epidermis

A

1) Stratum Basal
2) Stratum Spinosum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Lucidum
5) Stratum Corneum

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10
Q

Stratum Spinosum (Spiny layer)

A
  • variable in thickness
  • spine-like processes linking polyhedral cells
  • desmosomes (very abundant) made apparent by shrinkage artifact
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11
Q

Statum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A
  • only a few cells thick
  • squamous shaped cells
  • basophilic keratinohyaline granules
  • keratin filaments
  • End of life cycle
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12
Q

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

A
  • only seen in glabrous skin
  • only a few cells thick
  • transparent (died; no organelles)
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13
Q

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

A
  • Cornified layer of dead keratinocytes
  • compact sheets of keratin fiber
  • variable thickness
  • water barrier due to released glycolipid
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14
Q

Glabrous Skin

A
  • Palms and Soles
  • Hairless
  • “Thick Skin” - thick epidermis (Substantial keratinized layer)
  • Total thickness is thinner than Hairy Skin
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15
Q

Hairy Skin

A
  • remainder of body
  • hair follicles and thin epidermis
  • “Thin Skin” - thinner layer of keratin
  • total thickness is thicker than glabrous skin
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16
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • characterized by dark red lesions with white scales
  • accelerated keratinocyte turnover
  • mitosis in SB, SS, SG layers
  • not enough keratin produced, focus is on reproduction
  • SCorneum fails to become a cohesive layer
17
Q

Epidermal Cell Types (4)

A

1) Keratinocytes - most common cell, all epidermal layers; phagocytose melanin
2) Melanocytes - pale staining dendritic cell in SB layer; produce pigment melanin
3) Langerhans Cells - pale staining dendritic cells in SB, SS, SG; antigen presenting cells
4) Merkel Cells - clear cell in SB, mechanoreceptor for light touch (abundant in acute sensory areas.

18
Q

Skin Pigmentation

A

Varies in:

1) Concentration
2) Activity
3) Location
- light skin; faster rate of lysosomal degradation
- dark skin; store melanin in all layer of the epidermis - slower rate of lysosomal degredation
- albino; can’t make melanin

19
Q

Dermis

A
  • Dense Irregular CT (sometimes Loose CT)
  • Type I Collagen
  • White/Fresh; Pink/not fresh
  • well vascularized/innervated
  • function: limit range and direction of movement in multiple directions
  • Elastic Fibers: Elastin and Fibrillin proteins; allows for recoil
  • Ground Substance: fills space between CT and cells; primarily GAG’s (hydrophilic)
  • Fibroblasts and Macrophages
20
Q

Dermal Cell Types

A

1) Fibroblasts - most common in dence Irregular CT, spindle shaped; produce, repair, and maintain CT matrix
2) Macrophages - second most commen cells; large scavenger cell; antigen presenting; phagocytosis

21
Q

Dermal Layers

A

1) Papillary Dermis

2) Reticular Dermis

22
Q

Papillary Dermis

A
  • narrow, immediately deep to epidermis
  • contributes to adhesion; undulating interface
  • dermal papilla; DICT up into epithelium
  • rete pegs; epithelial extensions down
23
Q

Reticular Dermis

A
  • thicker, deep to papillary layer
  • coarser DICT; elastic fibers
  • contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphs
24
Q

Fingerprints

A
  • called dermatoglyphics
  • correspond to underlying dermal ridges
  • result from rows of dermal papillae
25
Q

Blisters

A
  • formed: excessive shearing at the basement membrane
26
Q

Langers Lines

A
  • parallel lines of tension in skin

- least scarring if parallel to these lines; bundles of collagen and elastic fibers

27
Q

Cutaneous Blood Supply (3)

A

1) Deep plexus
2) Superficial Plexus
3) Arteriovenous Anastamoses

28
Q

Deep Plexus

A
  • between RDermis and Hypodermis
29
Q

Superficial Plexus

A
  • between RDermis and PDermis

- capillary loops go into each dermal papilla

30
Q

Arteriovenous Anastamoses

A
  • between the two plexuses
  • Thermoregulation
  • ANS
31
Q

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors

A

Fuctional:
1) Mechanoreceptors - compression or tension
2) Thermoreceptors - temp
3) Nocireceptors - chemical irritants, pain
Morphological
1) Free Nerve ending; no Schwann cell; most numerous; can have any function
2) Encapsulated Nerve Endings

32
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings (3)

A

1) Meissner’s Corpuscle - mechano; light touch, in DPapillae, flat schwann cell/helical neuron, palms and fingertips
2) Pacini Corpuscle - mechano; deep pressure, dermis/hypodermis interface; large/concentric rings of Schwann cells
3) Ruffini Corpuscle - mechano; tension, small/spindle shaped, interspersed among collagen bundles

33
Q

Skin Appendages

A

1) Nails - protective covering on the dorsal fingertips/toes
2) Hair - grows discontinually.
Shaft - multiple layers of keratin (hair)
Follicle - tubular downgrowth of epidermis
Arrector Pili m. - sm. m. runs oblique to hair; shaft erect
3) Sebaceous Gland - simple acinar exocrine glandular outgrowth; sebum (oily) produced by holocrine; active after puberty; suicide cells (whole cell is secreted)
4) Eccrine Sweat Gland - simple tubular exocrine gland; secretory coiled in Rdermis; excretory passes to epi surface; forehead/scalp/axilly/palms/soles; secrete sweat (temperature regulation)
5) Apocrine Sweat Gland - associated with hair follicles; axilla, aerola, nipple, anus, ext. genetalia. initially odorless; may fct as pheromone

34
Q

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

A
  • thin, lacy Type I Collagen fibers
  • fluid-like ground substance
  • Fibroblasts + immune cells
    Location:
  • loops of sweat glands
  • within adipose
  • deep to epithelial linings of GI, respiratory
    Function:
  • packaging, binding, anchoring in small areas
  • role in immune function (diffuse lymphatic tissue)
35
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • superficial fascia
  • varies in thickness
  • major component: Adipose
36
Q

Adipocytes

A
  • mature adipocytes are non-mitotic
  • stem cells provide additional adipose
    Morphology
  • signet ring appearance (100+ microns)
  • peripheral nucleus
  • held by thin strands of Type I Collagen
  • compartmentalized by DICT
    Function
  • long term energy reserve source
  • insulation
  • fills crevices
  • cushion
37
Q

Unilocular Adipose

A
  • White Fat; ubiquitous
  • Adult form of fat most commonly present
    Structure
  • spherical/polygonal, clustered in groups
  • Gross:yellow/Histo:white
  • single large lipid droplet, organelles to periphery
    Function
  • long term energy reserve
  • insulation
  • shock absorption
  • body contouring
38
Q

Multilocular Adipose

A 
- Brown Fat/newborns and hibernators
Structure
- smaller cells
- multiple small lipid droplets and mitochondria
Function
- metabolize fat to produce heat

Histology (2 decks)

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