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Anatomy & Physiology > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts that make up the integumentary system?

A

Skin and Skin derivatives

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2
Q

What are the other names for the skin?

A

integument and cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

What does integumentary mean in english?

A

covering

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4
Q

What are the skin derivatives composed of?

A

nails, hair, and glands (sweat & sebaceous)

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5
Q

What type of tissue if the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What does “strata” mean?

A

layers

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7
Q

What five layers make up the epidermis?

A
  1. basale
  2. spinosum
  3. granulosum
  4. lucidum
  5. corneum
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8
Q

Basale is made up of what?

A

1 layer, but 3 cell types

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9
Q

What are the three cell types make up the basale?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

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10
Q

Keratinocytes function

A

produce the protein keratin

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11
Q

What is the function of keratin?

A

strengthen

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12
Q

Keratinocytes are rich in what?

A

stem cells

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13
Q

What is the function of stem cells?

A

divide

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14
Q

Melanocytes function

A

produce melanin

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15
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

UV protection

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16
Q

Desmosomes

A

membrane junctions

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17
Q

What two cells are present in the spinosum?

A
  • keratinocytes with desmosomes
  • epidermal dendritic cells
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18
Q

Tactile cells function

A

stimulate touch receptors

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19
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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21
Q

What does papillary mean?

A

nipple

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22
Q

Papillary layer function

A

interlocks with epidermal ridges

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23
Q

The reticular layer is composed of what kind of tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerves

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24
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue rich in?

A

collagen and elastin

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25
Q

Glands function

A

produce secretions

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26
Q

Hair follicles function

A

holds hair

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27
Q

Blood vessels functions

A

transport and temperature regulation

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28
Q

Blood vessels regulate temperature by what?

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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29
Q

Nerves in the dermis

A

sensory and motor nerves

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30
Q

Sensory nerves pathway

A

skin to brain

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31
Q

Sensory nerves function

A

touch reception

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32
Q

What do sensory nerves detect?

A

touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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33
Q

Motor nerves pathway

A

brain to skin

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34
Q

Motor nerves function

A

regulation of glands and muscles

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35
Q

Hypodermis

A

lowermost layer of the integumentary system

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36
Q

What is another name for the hypodermis?

A

subcutaneous layer

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37
Q

What kind of tissue is the hypodermis composed of?

A

areolar and adipose connective tissue

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38
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A

energy storage, protection, and insulation

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39
Q

Epidermal dendritic cell functions

A

immune (phagocytes)

40
Q

What does “dendri” mean?

A

branch

41
Q

What takes place in the granulosum layer?

A

keratinization

42
Q

Keratinization

A

nucleus and organelles break down/keratinocytes kill themselves to create protective layer

43
Q

The lucidum contains what?

A

thick skin only (palms/soles) 2-3 layers of pale dead keratinocytes

44
Q

Corneum

A

30 layers of dead flat interlocking dead keratinocytes;continously pushed up and shed

45
Q

Corneum

A

30 layers of dead flat interlocking dead keratinocytes;continously pushed up and shed

46
Q

Thick skin has how many strata?

A

five

47
Q

What parts of the body have thick skin?

A

palms and soles

48
Q

Thin skin has how many strata?

A

four

49
Q

What parts of the body have thin skin?

A

most parts of the body excluding the lucidum

50
Q

Color

A

the result of combination several of shades

51
Q

Red color is due to what?

A

the presence of oxygen in red blood cells

52
Q

Black, brown, tan, yellow-brown and reddish shades are due to what?

A

type and amount of melanin

53
Q

All people have the same number of what?

A

melanocytes

54
Q

What is skin color dependent on?

A

age, heredity, and light exposure

55
Q

Carotene

A

pigment acquired from yellow-orange vegetables

56
Q

Where can carotene accumulate?

A

inside subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes

57
Q

What is carotene converted to in the body?

A

vitamin A

58
Q

What are the types of skin markings?

A

a nevus (mole, a birthmark), freckles, friction ridges

59
Q

Nevus

A

harmless localized overgrowth of melanocytes (can become malignant)

60
Q

Freckles

A

spots in the area of increased activity

61
Q

Friction ridges

A

unique complex of arches and whorls that increase friction on contact

62
Q

What are the structures derived from the epidermis?

A

nails, hair, and exocrine glands

63
Q

Nails

A

plates of tightly packed keratinocytes

64
Q

Nails functions

A
  1. protection of the digits (fingers and toes)
  2. assist in grasping objects (more so animals than humans)
65
Q

Hair

A

strands of tightly packed keratinocytes

66
Q

Location of hair

A

most skin except the palms, soles, and lips

67
Q

Hair functions

A
  1. protection (physical/chemical damages)
  2. visual identification (age, sex, individuals)
  3. chemical signal (pheromone) dispersal
68
Q

What are the three types of exocrine glands found in/on the skin?

A

merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

69
Q

Merocrine gland location

A

widely distributed

70
Q

Merocrine gland shape

A

tubular coiled

71
Q

Where are merocrine sweat gland secretions released into?

A

sweat pores

72
Q

Merocrine sweat glands functions

A
  1. thermal regulation
  2. waste removal
  3. antibacterial
73
Q

Merocrine sweat gland secretion composition

A

99% water (+ ions, wastes, etc.)

74
Q

Apocrine sweat gland location

A

axillae, areolar, and genital

75
Q

Apocrine sweat gland shape

A

tubular coiled

76
Q

Where are apocrine sweat gland secretions released into?

A

hair follicle

77
Q

Apocrine sweat gland secretion composition

A

viscous mix of proteins and lipids

78
Q

Apocrine sweat gland secretion function

A

activate during puberty (signaling)

79
Q

Sebaceous gland location

A

near hair

80
Q

Sebaceous gland shape

A

acinar “bunch of berries”

81
Q

Where are sebaceous gland secretions released into?

A

hair follicle

82
Q

Sebaceous gland secretion composition

A

sebum (oily mix)

83
Q

Sebaceous gland functions

A
  1. lubrication
  2. conditioning
  3. antibacterial
84
Q

What are the six functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Thermal regulation
  5. Sensory reception
  6. Metabolic regulation
85
Q

What does the integumentary system protect against?

A

toxins, microbes, UV, etc.

86
Q

What elements of the integumentary system help perform the function of protection?

A
  • being multi-layered
  • dendritic cells (immune cells)
87
Q

What is an example of the integumentary system performing the function of secretion?

A

sebum released to lubricate the surface if the skin and hair

88
Q

What does the integumentary system absorb?

A

chemicals moving in

89
Q

How does the integumentary system perform thermal regulation?

A

by the dermal blood vessels and sweat glands

90
Q

What is the function of sensory reception by the integumentary system due to?

A

a variety of nerve endings within the dermis and epidermis

91
Q

Under UV, keratinocytes synthesize what form of inactive vitamin D?

A

cholecalciferol

92
Q

Cholecalciferol is modified into what other form of inactive vitamin D?

A

Calcidiol

93
Q

Where is cholecalciferol modified in to calcidiol?

A

in the liver

94
Q

Calicdiol is modified into what active form vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

95
Q

Calcitriol function

A

a hormone that increases the absorption of Ca and P from the skeletal system into the blood, thus regulating blood levels of Ca and P

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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