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SBS 3 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

accessory structures of the integumentary system

A

hair, nails, glands

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2
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin

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3
Q

where is skin the thinnest?

A

eyelids - 1 mm

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4
Q

where is skin the thickest?

A

heels - up to 3 mm

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5
Q

outer thinner layer, consists of epithelial tissue

A

epidermis

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6
Q

inner thicker layer of skin- has blood vessels, hair follicles, glands etc, insulates body with adipose tissue

A

dermis

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7
Q

layer of skin beneath the dermis

A

subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

how much hotter is the core temp from the shell temp?

A

1 degree

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9
Q

90% of the cells in the epidermis, produces keratin

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

cells in the epidermis that produce melanin

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

cells in the epidermis involved in immune responses

A

Langerhans cells- similliar to macrophages

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12
Q

cells in the epidermis that assist touch perception along with adjacent tactile discs

A

Merkel cells

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13
Q

first major layer of epidermis where continuous cell division occurs

A

Stratum basalis

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14
Q

second major layer of epidermis where there are 8-10 layers of keratinocytes

A

Stratum spinosum

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15
Q

Third major layer of epidermis that includes keratohylain and lamellar granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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16
Q

Fourth major layer of epidermis that is only present in THICK SKIN - fingertips, palms, heels

A

Stratum lucidum

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17
Q

Fifth major layer of epidermis that has many sublayers of flat, dead karatinocytes called corneocytes or squames that get replaced by cells from deeper layers

A

Stratum corneum

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18
Q

Five layers of epidermis, in order from deep to superficial - BSGLC- big sexy girls like cock

A

basalis, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

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19
Q

outer layer of the Dermis containing areolar connective tissue - thin collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings

A

Papillary region - outer

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20
Q

Deep layer of the Dermis containing dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, adiposecells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous oil glands and sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Reticular region - deep

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21
Q

Type of gland producing sweat

A

sudoriferous gland

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22
Q

Type of gland producing oil

A

sebaceous gland

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23
Q

Tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

A

Lines of cleavage

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24
Q

structure that reflects contours of the underlying dermal papillae and forms the basis for fingerprints, their function is to increase firmness of grip by increasing friction

A

Epidermal ridges

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25
Q

3 pigments that account for the variation of skin color

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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26
Q

pigment produced by melanocytes which absorbs UV radiation, the number of them is the same in all people

A

Melanocytes- difference in skin color is due to amount of pigment-melanin- produced by the melanocytes

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27
Q

layer of the hypodermis that is not part of the skin, its purpose is to attach skin to underlying tissues and organs

A

Subcutaneous layer of hypodermis

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28
Q

What detects external pressure that is applied to the skin, and is located in the subcutaneous layer of the hypodermis?

A

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

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29
Q

accessory structure of the skin that protects, prevents heat loss, and helps sensing light touch

A

Hairs - pilli

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30
Q

accessory structure of the skin that is composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells

A

Hairs - pilli

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31
Q

part of hair that penetrates into the dermis

A

root

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32
Q

part of hair that mostly projects above the surface of the skin

A

shaft

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33
Q

Thin soft hair of a newborn

A

lanugo

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34
Q

short, fine, light colored hair found on most parts of the body and not affected by hormones

A

vellus hairs

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35
Q

hair that replaces vellus hairs in response to androgenic hormones during puberty, thick, dark, strong

A

Terminal hair

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36
Q

what determines hair color

A

amount and type of melanin

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37
Q

Where are sebaceous glands attached to hair

A

at the follicles

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38
Q

Substance secreted by sebaceous glands that prevents dehydration of hair, skin, and inhibits growth of bacteria

A

Sebum

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39
Q

major type of sudorigerous glands found in all tissues of the body, highest density in palms and soles, helps cool body by evaporating and also eliminates small amounts of waste

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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40
Q

sudoriferous glands found in skin of armpit, goin, areolae, and bearded regions of males. their excretory ducts open into hair follicles - this sweat is secreted during emotional stress and sexual excitement

A

Apocrine sweat gland

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41
Q

Modified sweat glands located in the ear canal, that produces earwax (cerumen) with the assistance of nearby sebaceous glands, works as a sticky barrier

A

Ceruminous glands

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42
Q

accessory structures of skin that is hard, keratinized, epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes, containing free edge, transparent body with white lanula, root embedded in a fold of skin

A

Nails

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43
Q

parts of the body where there is no thin - hairy skin - hairless, instead contain thick hairless skin

A

palms, palmar surface of fingers, soles

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44
Q

embryonic layer forming epidermis, nails, hair, and skin

A

ectoderm

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45
Q

fatty substance that protects the epidermis of a fetus

A

vernix caseosa

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46
Q

embryonic layer that forms the dermis

A

mesoderm

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47
Q

circumscribed area characterized by flatness and distinguished by its color

A

Macule

48
Q

Elevated, solid area - less than 5 mm

A

Papule

49
Q

Elevated solid area greater than 5 mm

A

Nodule

50
Q

Elevated flat topped areas greater than 5 mm

A

Plaques

51
Q

Fluid filled raised area less than 5 mm

A

Vesicle

52
Q

Pus filled area

A

Pustule

53
Q

Fluid filled area greater than 5 mm

A

Bullae

54
Q

Dry, horny, plate- like excrescence resulting of imperfect cornification

A

Scale

55
Q

Thickened and rough skin from repeated rubbing

A

lichenification

56
Q

Traumatic lesion - deep scratch

A

Excoriation

57
Q

hyperplasia of papillary dermis

A

Papillomatosis

58
Q

Linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal layer

A

Lentiginous

59
Q

Hyperplasia of stratum corneum

A

Hyperkeratosis

60
Q

Epidermal hyperplasia

A

Achantosis

61
Q

Abnormal keratinization

A

Dyskeratosis

62
Q

Retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

A

Parakeratosis

63
Q

Intracellular edema

A

Spongiosis

64
Q

Loss of cellular connections

A

Achantolysis

65
Q

Acute lesions of short duration - less than weeks, characteried by ononuclear inflamation and edema due to epidermal, vascular, or subcutaneous injury,

A

Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses

66
Q

Red, papulovesicular, oozing, crusted, raised scaling plaques, classified as contact, atopic, drug related, photoeczematous, or primary irritant dermatitis, achantolysis - destruction of bridges, spongiosis - fluid accumulation

A

Acute Eczematous Dermatitis

67
Q

condition where most cases result from allergic reactions mediated by IgE - food, pollen, drugs, insect venom. culinates in pruritic edematous plaques - wheals, most commonly affects subjects between 20-40, more common in women

A

Urticaria

68
Q

A type of chronic Autoimmune inflamatory Dermatose that affects 2% of population, sometimes associated with arthritis, myopathy, enteropathy, AIDS, typically affects elbows, knees, scalp, well demarcated pink plaque with silver white scales - Auspitz sign - pinpoint bleeding with removal of scales - Epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, microabscess with superficial layers

A

Psoriasis

69
Q

Self limiting disorder which resolves spontaneously after 1-2 years after onset, band like lymphocyte infiltrates into dermo-epidermal junction.

A

Lichen Planus

70
Q

Common name for Bullas, May occur as secondary findings in unrelated conditions, herpes, spongiotic dermatitis, thermal burns, presence is the most distinctive feature of several diseases in which some are uniformly fatal if untreated

A

Blisters

71
Q

Blister just below surface of epidermis, in impetigo or pemphigus foliaceus

A

Sub corneal blister

72
Q

Blister just above the basal membrane of the epidermis, deeper than sub corneal, in pemphigus vulgaris

A

Supra Basal Blister

73
Q

Blister between epidermis and dermis, in bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis

A

Sub Epidermal Blister

74
Q

Autoimmune disorder with loss of integrity of normal intracellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium, can be fatal if untreated, between 40-60 y/o, no gender preference, Vulgaris type is 80%, also types include vegetans, foliaceous, erythematous, distinguished by flourescence

A

Pemphigous

75
Q

condition characteried y urticaria and vesicles, more common in males 30-40, associated with Celiac disease. Affects knees, back, butt. type 1 or 2 herpes simplex infection

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

76
Q

Non inflammatory blistering disease where blisters develop at site of pressure, rubbing, trauma.

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

77
Q

non infllamatory blistering disease due to uncommon inborn error of porphyrin synthesis - congenital erythropoietic, erythrohepatic, acute intermittent, cutanea tarda, triggered by trauma

A

Porphyria

78
Q

Virtually universal skin condition for middle to late teens, caused by hormones, classified as inflammatory-abscess or non inflammatory. localized near hair follicles, Open vs closed comedones. Follicular papule with central black keratin plug, comedones - open/close = drain or reabsorbed = black/white. More severe in males, exacerbated by testosterone, corticosteroids, ANABOLIC STEROIDS or STRESS, environmental not genetic

A

Acne vulgais

79
Q

Common lesion in children and adolescence, associated with HPV infection. Transmission occurs by direct contact. Associated with development of squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. most common type is Vulgais, can also be Flat, Palmaris, Condyloma Acuminatum - venereal- HPV, treat my removal, cauterize. If no removal of neck/root of lesion, will return. KOILOCYTES - presence of virus in cells causing changes

A

Verrucae - wart

80
Q

Common autoimmune disorder with partial or complete loss of pigment-producing melanocytes. Asymptomatic. typically in wrist, axilla, perioral, periorbital, anogenital.

A

Vitiligo

81
Q

Most common pigmented lesion in fair skin, appears in early childhood after sun exposure, once present they fade and reappear

A

Freckle

82
Q

Mask like zone of facial hyperpigmentation, usually resolves spontaneously particularly after the end of pregnancy

A

Melasma

83
Q

Common Benign localized hyperplasia of melanocytes occurring at all ages

A

Lentigo

84
Q

Most humans have one or two, a benign tumor composed of melanocytes, usually small, tan or brown papular lesion with well defined round borders. Junctional if flat, Compound if raised. Benign even if elevated - compound, as long as it is symmetrical

A

Pigmented mole- nevocellular nevus

85
Q

Larger nevi over 5 mm, with irregular borders, usually clinically stable, but probability of developing melanoma is 56%

A

Dysplastic nevi - BK moles

86
Q

Benign tumor of epithelial origin, indolent lesion treated by excision. More common in middle ages subjects. Appears coin -like. Microscopically, the lesion is well demarcated and composed of proliferation of basaloid cells forming keratin cysts, velvety on surface. Old people- Age spots, especially bald.

A

Seborrheic Keratosis

87
Q

Thickened hyperpigmented zones - 80%, affects younger population, autosomal dominant, obesity- DM, rare congenital syndromes. Malignant type mostly occurs in adult population

A

Achantosis Nigricans

88
Q

common lesion formed by down-growth and cystic expansion of the epidermis or epithelium forming the hair follicle, cysts are filled with keratin and lipid debris

A

Epithelial cyst - wen

89
Q

Rapidly developing, benign neoplasm that mimics squamous cell carcinoma, more common in men over 50, and lesions appear in sun exposed areas, looks like a wart.

A

Keratoachantoma

90
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelial origin, most common tumor arising in sun exposed areas in older people. Most common in men, risk factors include workplace and genetic Xeroderma Pigmentosum - DNA replication disorder, surgery is curative, does not metastasize, presence of keratin lakes, well demarcated with central necrosis

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

91
Q

Slow growing Malignant tumor affecting SUN EXPOSED areas, in lightly pigmented subjects. elevated with many capillaries on top, Palisading - picket fence organization of cells

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

92
Q

MALIGNANT PIGMENTED ASSYMETRIC TUMOR, relatively common neoplasm, removed surgically if detected in time, may arise anywhere in body and is asymptomatic. Most important clinical sign is CHANGE OF COLOR in pigmented lesion. 2 GROWTH PHASES (only 1 phase in basal/squaous cell carcinomas), may metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lung, brain, indian ink to see if removal was curative

A

Melanoma

93
Q

5 steps of the Hair growth cycle -

ALCATRES N

A
  1. Anagen - long growing phase
  2. Catagen - apoptotic, transitional phase
  3. Telogen - Resting, short phase
  4. Exogen- Shedding + or - 100
  5. New hair starts growing in follicle
94
Q

Term for mor than 100 haris per day going into resting phase, resulting in clinical hair loss

A

Telogen Effluvium

95
Q

Active destruction of the hair follicle and replaced by fibrotic tissue, which form has the follicle as a target for inflammation, and which form is destruction of follicle by non specific inflammation?

A

Scarring alopecia
primary - targeted inflammation
secondary - non specific inflammation

96
Q

Disorders that reduce or slow hair growth without irreparably damaging the hair folicle. Includes Disorders that primarily affect the hair shaft

A

Non-scarring alopecia

97
Q

Non scarring difuse hair loss type caused by agents that disrupt the anagen cycle (long growing phase) - chemo, poisioning, radiation

A

Anagen Effluvium

98
Q

ectodermal dysplasia and atrichia with papules are what kind of disorders that cause nonscarring diffuse hair loss

A

congenital

99
Q

Term for easy hair breakage from primary hair shaft abnormalities like trichodystrophies, nonscarring diffuse hair loss

A

Trichorrhexis Nodosa

100
Q

term for increased number of hairs entering resting phase, caused by retinoids, ace, beta blockers, anticonvulsants, nutrient deficiencies

A

Telogen Effluvium

101
Q

T cell mediated autoimmune disorder, focal but possibly diffuse hair loss

A

Alopecia Areata

102
Q

Nonscarring diffuse hair loss type condiction caused by microsporum and trichophyton bacteria

A

Tinea capitis

103
Q

Term for Traction from braids, rollers, pony tails

A

Traction alopecia

104
Q

Scarring focal hair loss caused by folliculitis on the occipital scalp

A

Acne keloidalis nuchae

105
Q

Scarring focal hair loss caused by scars on the crown that enlarge over time

A

central centrifugal scarring

106
Q

Scarring focal hair loss caused by boggy inflammatory nodules that coalesce with sinus tract formation, part of the follicular occlusion tetrad

A

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp

107
Q

scarring focal hair loss caused by lichen planus of the scalp

A

lichen planopilaris

108
Q

Secondary scarring alopecias are caused by what

A

burns, trauma, radiation, skin cancer, etc

109
Q

Most common cause of alopecia - male pattern or female pattern - androgenic alopecia is an androgen-dependent hereditary disorder in which dihydrotestosterone plays a major role

A

Androgenic alopecia

110
Q

test for evaluating diffuse hair loss, gentle traction on a bunch of hairs - 40 - 60, number of etracted hairs is counted. Normal is less than 3 telogen phase hairs, 3 or more on each pull or greater than 10 is positive for alopecia

A

Pull test

111
Q

Test for alopecia where roots of plucked hairs are examined microscopically, anagen hairs have sheaths on roots, and should be 85 to 90%. Telogen hairs have tiny bulbs - 15%, catagen should be less than 1%.

A

Pluck test

112
Q

what should be ordered when alopecia persists, specimens taken from area of active inflammation for fungal and bacterial cultures, imunoflourescence studies help identify lupus, lichen planopilaris, etc

A

Scalp biopsy

113
Q

Test done by the patient to quantify hair loss when pull test is negative. hairs lost in the morning from combing or washing are collected for 14 days, scalp hair of more than 100 per day are abnormal, shampooing counts of up to 250 can be normal

A

Daily hair counts

114
Q

treatment for androgenic alopecia that prolongs anagen growth phase, must be used FOREVER, 2% in women, 2 or 5% in men, intended to be used as antihypertensive, ended up causing hair growth.

A

Minoxidil

115
Q

Treatment for androgenic alopecia that inhibits the 5a-reductase enzyme, blocking conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and is useful for male-pattern hair loss

A

Finasteride

116
Q

Surgical options for alopecia

A

Follicle transplant, scalp flaps and alopecia reduction

SBS 3 (3 decks)

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