intelligence

Question 1

what does IQ stand for?

Answer 1

intelligence quotient

Question 2

what is IQ?

Answer 2

index of an individual’s intelligence score

Question 3

what are the two types of IQ test?

Answer 3

verbal and non verbal

Question 4

what are advantages of non verbal IQ tests?

Answer 4

eliminates issues with language, verbal abilities and cultural differences

Question 5

what did Galton investigate regarding intelligence?

Answer 5

intelligence is a product of natural selection, so must be genetically determined
evolution means humans improve themselves

Question 6

what did Binet and Simon investigate regarding intelligence?

Answer 6

developed 1st IQ tests to measure students abilities for education purposes

Question 7

what did Terman and Merrill investigate regarding intelligence?

Answer 7

produced the Stanford Binet scale
studied a sample of ‘gifted’ children in a longitudnal study
found highly intelligent individuals were not misfits but were healthy and stable

Question 8

what did Terman investigate regarding intelligence?

Answer 8

-used tests to assign soldiers to appropriate tasks in WW1
-investigated eugenics= promoting selective breeding to produce desirable characteristics

Question 9

what did Burt investigate regarding intelligence?

Answer 9

advised government to use 11+ test to see which children would go to a grammar school
suggested occupation levels and social class are detemined by innate inheritence

Question 10

what are issues with intelligence research?

Answer 10

cultural bias in how the tests are constructed

tests favour affluent backgrounds and discriminate against minority groups

Question 11

what is the WISC IQ test?

Answer 11

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Question 12

what is the WASI IQ test?

Answer 12

Wechsler Adult Scale for Intelligence

Question 13

what is genotype?

Answer 13

genetic makeup of an organism

Question 14

what is phenotype?

Answer 14

observable physical properties of an organism, including the organism’s appearance, development and behaviour

Question 15

what is phenotype?

Answer 15

interaction of genes and the environment

Question 16

can we measure genotype or phenotype?

Answer 16

phenotype

Question 17

what is degree of genetic relatedness?

Answer 17

look at people who are related in different ways
this gives us the understanding of a genetic basis of a concept

Question 18

what distribution does IQ follow?

Answer 18

normal distribution
average is 100

Question 19

what is the atheoretical definiton of intelligence?

Answer 19

IQ tests measure intelligence

Question 20

what is correlation?

Answer 20

statistical test examining the relationship between 2+ variables

Question 21

what are the two approaches for intelligence?

Answer 21

generalised intelligence= single construct which influences all cognitive functioning
or a multiple construct= made of fluid and crystallised intelligence

Question 22

what is fluid intelligence?

Answer 22

cognitive functioning component not influenced by the environment, fixed throughout a lifetime

Question 23

what is crystallised intelligence?

Answer 23

stores factual information, benefits from education can chnage it throughout a lifespan

Question 24

what are twin studies useful for?

Answer 24

examining genetic characteristics

Question 25

what are issues with twin studies?

Answer 25

hard to separate genetic and environmental factors

Question 26

what are examples of environmental factors?

Answer 26

the environment in the womb
the family environment

Question 27

what does Elardo suggest makes a quality family environment?

Answer 27

mother’s voice conveys positive feeling when speaking to children

mother structures child’s play and takes child out of the house frequently

provides age appropriate learning equipment and reads stories to child

vocalises to child frequently

shouts at child infrequently

Question 28

how did Elardo investigate the quality of the family environment?

Answer 28

observed children at 6 and 24 months
tested children’s IQ at 3 and 4.5 years
rating of family when child 6 months correlated with IQ at 4.5
rating of family when child 24 months correlated with IQ at 3

Question 29

what is covariance between inheritance and environment?

Answer 29

intelligent children tend to have intelligent parents who provide an enriched environment

Question 30

what is the transactional process?

Answer 30

intelligent children have an intelligent response, which further feeds their development
cannot specify which part of intelligence is due to genes and what is due to the environment

Question 31

what happened in a study looking at the relationship between diet and nurtition?

Answer 31

study with 6 year olds
half took a vitamin supplement everyday for 3 months, half took a placebo
IQ measured before and after study

Question 32

what were the results for the relationship between IQ and nurtition?

Answer 32

children in experimental group had a greater IQ increase compared to the control
however, this increase was only observed in children with very poor nutrition

Question 33

how was the relationship between IQ and cognitive training investigated?

Answer 33

participants took part in a 6 week training period
looked at 5 domains: reasoning/memory/planning/visuospatial skills/attention

Question 34

what were the results for the relationship between IQ and cognitive training?

Answer 34

participants became better at the cognitive tasks they trained on
but these effects didn’t generalise to other tasks and everyday cognition

Question 35

what does the confluence model suggest about IQ and birth order?

Answer 35

first born children spend more time with intelligent adults

as number of siblings increases, children spend more time with each other

interactions between children are not as stimulating as between a child and adults

Question 36

what does the dilution model suggest about IQ and birth order?

Answer 36

parental finite resources

first/alone child spends more time with adults, and gets a lot of attention

as the number of siblings increases, parents spend less time with each child= less stimulating environment

Question 37

what is the relationship between IQ and birth order?

Answer 37

single or 1st born children tend to be smarter than their younger siblings

Question 38

what is the Flynn effect?

Answer 38

IQ improved over time
can’t be evolutionary
due to improvements in education, nutrition and supportive parenting styles

Question 39

why can we learn about inheritence from new born babies?

Answer 39

little/no time to learn so their behaviour is genetically determined

Question 40

what is the Stanford Binet test?

Answer 40

modern version of the first IQ test- tests verbal and nonverbal items