intro

Question 1

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract): Esophagus, stomach and duodenum ====> what is name in endoscopy

Answer 1

(Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)

Question 2

(Enteroscopy) mean in Endoscopy?

Answer 2

Small intestine Endoscopy

Question 3

(Rectoscopy) mean in Endoscopy?

Answer 3

Rectum Endoscopy

Question 4

(Anoscopy), mean in Endoscopy?

Answer 4

anus Endoscopy

Question 5

(Proctoscopy) refer to two terms

Answer 5

Rectum Endoscopy

anus Endoscopy

Question 6

(Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy)

Answer 6

Large intestine/colon

Question 7

1.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):
is used for A.Diagnostic B.therapeutic
2.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP):
is used for A.Diagnostic B.therapeutic

Answer 7

1. mainly b

2. a

Question 8

the length of esophagus in adult

Answer 8

25 cm

Question 9

*notes:* 
upper esophageal sphincter:
1.surrounds the upper part of the esophagus.
2.It consists of striated muscle,
3.is not under voluntary control.
4.triggered by the swallowing reflex.

Answer 9

(^-^)

Question 10

notes:
lower esophageal sphincter Gastroesophageal
sphincter:
1.surrounds the lower part of the esophagus at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
2.it is also called the cardiac or cardioesophageal sphincter
3.Dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter
causes gastroesophageal reflux, which causes
heartburn and, if it happens often enough, can lead to
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), with
damage of the esophageal mucosa.
4.It consists of smooth muscle,

Answer 10

(^-^)

Question 11

Dysphagia is a ?

Answer 11

Difficulty of swallowing

Question 12

Globus is a ?

Answer 12

Sensation of a lump in the throat

Question 13

Odynophagia is a ?

Answer 13

Painful swallowing

Question 14

Esophageal achalasia is a ?

Answer 14

(lack of peristalsis,
high pressure LES and incomplete relaxation of
LES on swallowing

Question 15

Diagnosis of esophageal achalasia is ?

Answer 15

• esophageal manometry

- barium swallow radiographic studies.

Question 16

Treatment of esophageal achalasia is ?

Answer 16

1. Ca++ channel blockers.
2. Botox (botulinum toxin),
3. esophageal balloon dilatation.
4. surgical cleaving of the muscle (Heller myotomy).

Question 17

Dysphagia is classified into three major types:

Answer 17

1. Oropharyngeal dysphagia
2. Esophageal dysphagia
3. Functional dysphagia (no organic cause)

Question 18

Treatment of Choledocholithiasis is ?

Answer 18

ERCP with stone extraction followed by cholecystectomy.