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A&P > Intro to A&P > Flashcards

Intro to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

organ systems

A
  1. integumentary system
  2. skeletal system
  3. muscular system
  4. nervous system
  5. endocrine system
  6. cardiovascular system
  7. lymphatic system
  8. respiratory system
  9. digestive system
  10. urinary system
  11. reproductive system
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2
Q

organ

A

two or more tissues combines to form a structure of recognizable shape and specialized function

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3
Q

organ system

A

group of interacting organs with common function in the body

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4
Q

organism

A

life form that has the ability to function independently and carry out the various processes of life

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5
Q

tissue

A

multiple cells that are specialized and perform specific functions

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6
Q

cell

A

smallest living unit in the body

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7
Q

organelle

A

specialized compartment inside of a cell

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8
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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9
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that retains original properties

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10
Q

physiological variation

A

function of the body’s physiological systems (organs, muscles, etc) that varies based upon age, gender, diet, weight, genetics, physical activity, etc

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11
Q

why is accounting for physiological variation so important?

A

to ensure there isn’t any discrepancies with medication and other medical situations

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12
Q

what is the structure and function principle?

A

states that structure and function compliment each other (the form of a structure always bests suits its function

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13
Q

what is the order in which the levels of structural organization are listed?

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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14
Q

what are the two kinds of anatomy?

A

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

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15
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A

examination of large structures with the naked eye

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16
Q

what is microscopic anatomy?

A

small structures that are only visible to the aided eye (miscroscope)

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17
Q

what is surface anatomy?

A

examining the bodies surface

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18
Q

what is regional anatomy?

A

examines the structure of specific parts of the body

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19
Q

what is systematic anatomy?

A

examines the structure of specific organ systems

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20
Q

what is sectional anatomy?

A

examines the relationships between two different structures in the body by cross examining sections

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21
Q

what is developmental anatomy?

A

relates to the changes in structure from conception to aduthood

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22
Q

what is clinical anatomy?

A

the study of structure as it relates to disease and clinical practice

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23
Q

what is cytology?

A

study of individual cell structure

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24
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of tissue structure

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25
Q

what is anotomical variation?

A

the idea that no two human bodies are the same.

ie: atypical vertebrae, atypical organs (kidney’s)

26
Q

what is physiology?

A

the study of an organism or its cells, organs, disease functions

27
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium?

A

when an adjustment is made on any physiological system it has direct and indirect effects on the other systems. This requires the body to adjust and adapt for balance

28
Q

what happens when homeostatic regulation fails?

A

equilibrium becomes disrupted which results in disease

29
Q

what is gradient?

A

difference between chemical concentration, temperature, or pressure between two points.
(matter tends to flow down their gradients, moving “up the gradient” requires metabolic energy expenditure

30
Q

what is anatomical position?

A

standing, face and toes forward, hands at side palms facing forward, feet together

31
Q

what is supine position?

A

lying face up

32
Q

what is prone position?

A

lying face down

33
Q

what is medial position?

A

toward the midline of the body

34
Q

what is lateral position?

A

away from the midline of the body

35
Q

what is proximal?

A

toward the point of attachment to the body (the shoulder is proximal to the wrist)

36
Q

what is distal?

A

away from point of attachment to the body (the fingers are distal to the wrist)

37
Q

where is posterior or dorsal?

A

referencing the back surface

38
Q

where is anterior or ventral?

A

referencing the front surface of the body

39
Q

where is cranial or cephalic ?

A

toward the head of the body

40
Q

where is caudal?

A

moving toward the tail of the body

41
Q

what does superficial mean?

A

relatively close to the body’s surface (in comparison to “deep” which is the opposite)

42
Q

sagittal plane

A

left and right division

43
Q

what is midsagittal?

A

through the midline (two equal halves)

44
Q

what is parasagittal?

A

not through the midline

45
Q

transverse plane

A

cross section

46
Q

frontal plane

A

anterior and posterior division

47
Q

what are body cavities?

A

internal chambers that are closed, fluid filled, and lined with serous membrane. They protect viscera (internal) organs.
Change shape and size of organ significantly

48
Q

where is the visceral serous membrane located?

A

around the organ

ie; the heart

49
Q

where is the parietal serous membrane?

A

lines the organ in the abdominal cavity

50
Q

what does the thoracic cavity include?

A

the pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

51
Q

what does the abdominopelvic cavity include?

A

includes the abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and peritoneal cavity

52
Q

what is a receptor?

A

protein or cell that is able to detect stimuli

53
Q

what is the role of the control center?

A

it receives and processes information and regulates the response

54
Q

what is an effector?

A

cell or organ that carries out the response

55
Q

what is homeostatic regulation?

A

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

56
Q

what is autoregulation?

A

intrinsic regulation of specific cells, tissue, organ or organ systems to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in the body

57
Q

what is nervous regulation?

A

extrinsic, rapid, short-term adjustments

58
Q

what is endocrine (hormonal) regulation?

A

extrinsic, slower, long-term adjustments

59
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

60
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation, returns variable within normal range

61
Q

what is the positive feedback loop?

A

it is less common than negative feedback loops, effector activity increases and amplifies the initial stimulus

A&P (2 decks)

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