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Microimmunology > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physiological role of the immune system?

A

fight off infection through inflammation and wound healing

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2
Q

What are the two main types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

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3
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

the immune system you’re born with from you mother

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

the immune system you’re body learns and builds up

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5
Q

What types of organs makeup the immune system?

A

thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, skin

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6
Q

What is the largest immune organ?

A

skin

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7
Q

Besides organs, what are other components of the immune system?

A

tears, mucosa, normal flora

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8
Q

What cells make up the innate immune system?

A

dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages, basophil, eosinophils, neutrophils, complement proteins,

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9
Q

What cells make up the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells (antibodies)

T-cells (CD4 + and CD8+)

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10
Q

What cells are part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

natural killer T-cells

Gamma delta T-cells

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11
Q

Is passive immunity part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

adaptive

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12
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

antibodies being passed through the placenta and breast milk from mother to child

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13
Q

Where do mature immune cells come from?

A

bone marrow except for T-cells

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14
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

they are not mature until they leave the thymus; here they learn to distinguish between antigen and host cells

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15
Q

Where does primary immune response take place?

A

lymph nodes

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16
Q

Does the innate immune system require a specific antigen receptor to attack the foreign body?

A

no, but the adaptive immune system is antigen receptor specific

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17
Q

What type of molecule do B-cell receptors recognize

A

soluble, intact macromolecules; i.e. the entire antigen

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18
Q

What type of molecule do T-cell receptors recognize?

A

processed antigen fragments presented by MHC on the antigen presenting cell

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19
Q

Which cells have MHC?

A

all host cells except blood cells

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20
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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21
Q

Review: What group of cells recognizes antigens?

A

lymphocytes

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of the immune response?

A

1) encounter and recognition of antigen by lymphocyte
2) lymphocyte activation
3) attack antigen by lymphocyte and its secretions

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23
Q

What molecules does the t-cell receptor use to communicate (signal transduction) with the nucleus of the host cell after it has connected with the MHC and antigen from the antigen presenting cell?

A

CD3 and the Zeta chain

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24
Q

What continues the signal transduction to the nucleus of the host cell when an antigen binds to the Ig receptor?

A

the Ig receptor can communicate directly with the nucleus of the host cell (no middle man needed)

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25
Q

Antibody receptors have ___ binding sites.

A

two

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26
Q

The variable region on an antibody receptor is ___ between antigens.

A

different

27
Q

The constant region of an antibody receptor is ___ between a class of antibodies.

A

the same

28
Q

True or False: An antibody receptor contains two heavy chains and one light chain.

A

False - 2 heavy and 2 light - forms the binding site for antigen

29
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA

30
Q

When you are looking at a titer, which antibody class are you looking for?

A

IgG - indicates you have remembered immunity

31
Q

What is the most common class of antibody in the blood and can also cross the placenta?

A

IgG

32
Q

If you have a high amount of IgM in the blood and low IgG, what can be concluded?

A

You have an active infection

33
Q

When do you see IgM?

A

when your body is seeing an antigen for the first time, it produces this IgM antibody

34
Q

What type of B-cells do you find IgM?

A

cell surface of naïve B-cells (cells that have never seen the infection/antigen before)

35
Q

When your body is fighting off aromatic or parasitic infections, what antibody will you find in the blood?

A

IgE

36
Q

What is a second type of antibody found on the cell surface of naïve B-cells?

A

IgD

37
Q

What class of antibody is found in mucosal areas like the gut, respiratory tract, or urogenital tract? Can also be transferred from mother to child during nursing

A

IgA

38
Q

What are the functions of an antibody?

A

neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, enhanced natural killer cell activity

39
Q

What needs to be bound to the antigen for a t-cell to recognize it?

A

MHC

40
Q

Name the two classes of MHC molecules.

A

Class I and II

41
Q

What type of cells do you find MHC class I presented?

A

external surface of all nucleated cells

42
Q

What type of cells do you find MHC class II presented?

A

macrophages, activated B- cells, activated T-cells, thymus cells
AKA “professional antigen presenting cells”

43
Q

What is another term used for MHC?

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

44
Q

Why is MHC important?

A

It is the ‘self’ recognizing antigen - each individual has a different MHC

45
Q

What is the effector function of a CD4 positive T-cell?

A

make proteins that help the immune response

46
Q

What proteins do CD4 positive T-cells make?

A

cytokines or interleukins

47
Q

What is the effector function of a CD8 positive T-cell?

A

cytotoxicity

48
Q

What is the difference between immunological sequelae and bacterial sequelae?

A 
bacterial sequelae (infection) is damage to host caused by a bacteria/antigen
immunological sequelae is damage to the host caused by the immune response
49
Q

If CD8 positive T-cells are killing infected cells with class I MHC, why can this be dangerous?

A

They could be killing infected host cells that are responsible for an important function of the body, making it difficult to function/heal

50
Q

Define antigen.

A

any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system

51
Q

Name the different types of antigen.

A

immunogen, tolerogen, allergen

52
Q

define immunogen.

A

an antigen that elicits an immune response

53
Q

Define tolerogen.

A

induces immunological tolerance –> no immune response to the antigen

54
Q

Define allergen.

A

antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity reaction

55
Q

Who discovered the small pox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

56
Q

What is cross-reactivity?

A

an antibody/antigen reaction to a different antigen with similar characteristic of another antigen

57
Q

How long does it take the immune response to respond to a primary exposure?

A

primary immune response - 10-17 days after exposure

58
Q

What happens during the primary immune response?

A

antigen selected b and t cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells

59
Q

How long does it take the immune response to respond to a secondary exposure?

A

2-7 days after exposure

60
Q

During a second exposure, do you have more or less antibody response to a lesser amount of antigen?

A

more

61
Q

Why does a person feel sick after the flu shot?

A

cytokines are being produced in response to the vaccine

62
Q

What is some progress in public health?

A

sanitation/hygiene, vaccination, antibiotics

63
Q

What is sepsis?

A

disregulation of the immune system due to an infection

Microimmunology (2 decks)

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