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Cyber 100 > Intro to Operating Systems > Flashcards

Intro to Operating Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic tasks all computers can perform?

A

input, output , and processing

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2
Q

the three basic tasks of an OS all include?

A

some type of computer hardware

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3
Q

the hardware is controlled by?

A

the operating system (OS)

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4
Q

provides a method for users to interact
with the computer

A

user interface

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5
Q

the file system is a method by which an OS stores and organizes files and manages access to files

A

storage managment

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6
Q

a type of process that runs in
the background

A

service

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7
Q

a program that’s loaded
into memory and run by the CPU;

A

process

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8
Q

what determines if sufficient memory exists to load an application and where in memory it should be loaded

A

the OS

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9
Q

what ensures that I/O devices such as USB ports and video cards are accessed by only one process at a time

A

the OS

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10
Q

OSs used on business systems provide methods for securing access to resources

A

security and resource protection

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11
Q

the heart of the OS and runs with the highest priority

A

kernel

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12
Q

an operating system that can execute only a single process at a time

A

single task

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13
Q

a computing device designed for a specific task and uses a single-tasking OS

A

embedded system

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14
Q

an operating system that quickly switches between all the processes that are loaded into memory and scheduled to run

A

multi-tasking operating system

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15
Q
  • the OS gives CPU control to a process and waits for it to terminate or enter a waiting state
  • If the program does not give control back to the OS, it may hog the CPU until its operations are complete
  • No other program can run until control is given back to the OS
A

Cooperative multitasking

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16
Q

*the OS is in control of the computer at all times

  • The running process can be replaced with another process at any time based on a system interrupt, a higher-priority task requiring the CPU, or the time-slice timer expiring

*The OS has control over how much of the computer’s resources are allocated to each program

  • Computers must use more of their CPU and memory to support the OS, but the behavior of the computer is more predictable
  • The user can play music while working in documents and Web browsers
A

Preemptive multitasking

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17
Q

asks the CPU if the process is finished

A

cooperative multitasking

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18
Q

does not check if the process is finished

A

Preemptive multitasking

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19
Q

allows only one user at a time to interact with the OS user interface, start processes, make system configuration changes, and interact directly with the file system

A

single-user operating system

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20
Q

allows multiple users to sign in to it, start and stop processes, interact with the user interface, and access the local file system

A

multi-user operating system

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21
Q

designed to provide a convenient user interface and run applications in a home or business environment with reasonable performance

A

general-purpose operating system

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22
Q

*is designed to process inputs and produce outputs in a very specific and repeatable amount of time

*perform tasks like controlling assembly-line robotic systems, controlling FedEx sorting facilities, managing the electrical grid, etc.

*Components of are called deterministic because it is possible to determine the worst-case response times under a given set of conditions

A

real-time operating system (RTOS)

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23
Q

In which of the following methods does the OS give CPU control to a process and wait for it to terminate or enter a waiting state?
− A) single-tasking
− B) preemptive multitasking
− C) multiuser tasking
− D) cooperative multitasking

A

D) cooperative multitasking

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24
Q

Most OSs can be classified as?

A

− Client
− Server
− Standalone

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25
Q

*The primary purpose is to run applications requested by a user and request data from network servers as necessary

  • usually installed on desktop or laptop computers and mobile devices and use a graphical user interface (GUI)
  • usually includes client versions of many network applications
  • are performance-tuned for running foreground applications (user applications) instead of background services
A

client operating system

ie.regular ppl

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26
Q
  • The primary purpose is to share network resources and provide network services to clients
  • Examples of server OSs include Windows Server, macOS Server, UNIX, and many Linux distributions
  • usually come with a DHCP server, a DNS server, a file server
    protocol, a Web server, and perhaps a directory service such as Microsoft’s Active Directory
A

a server operating system

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27
Q

automatically generate IP address

A

DCHP server`

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28
Q

produce mapping between name and #

A

DNS server

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29
Q

www.

A

web server

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30
Q

the ability of a system to recover from a hardware or software failure

A

fault tolerance

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31
Q

the ability of two or more servers to act
as one

A

clustering

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32
Q

two or more servers that alternate in taking client requests

A

load-sharing cluster

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33
Q

swapping of components such as hard disks, memory, or
even processors so that if a computer fails, a new component can be swapped

A

hot swapping

34
Q

For scalability, some servers support _____ of components so that more storage, RAM or processors can be added while the system is running

A

hot adding

35
Q
  • is not designed to interact with other OSs or
    access network resources
  • Most run on embedded systems
  • OSs that run older or isolated traffic signal systems are likely to be

− As are the OSs that run automobile electronic systems and industrial machinery

  • This is changing as computer-controlled devices are being built with IoT in mind

− So operational and performance data from these devices can be collected
and analyzed to make processes more efficient

A

A standalone operating system

36
Q

a series of steps performed by every computing device
that starts with power to the CPU and other hardware components and ends with a running system ready to perform work

A

The boot procedure

37
Q

The boot procedure can be broken down into six general steps:

A

− 1. Power is applied to the CPU and other hardware components
− 2. The CPU starts
− 3. The CPU executes the firmware startup routines
− 4. The operating system is located by the firmware
− 5. The OS is loaded into the RAM
− 6. OS processes and services are started

38
Q

program code that is stored on computer hardware in non-volatile memory and is responsible for performing diagnostic tests and booting the OS

A

firmware

39
Q

memory that maintains its contents when no power is
applied to the system

— It is typically flash memory in modern systems or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) in older systems

A

Non-volatile memory

40
Q

Firmware is called the BIOS or UEFI in newer systems

^just a fact

A

BIOS most important part close to the hardware

41
Q

Firmware contains an initial bootstrap program that locates and then loads the bootloader program, which is responsible for loading the initial process that makes up the OS

$just a fact

A

??????

42
Q

firmware programs that play a part in the boot process

A

basic input/output system (BIOS) and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

43
Q

The BIOS has the following properties and performs the following tasks:

A

− Resides on a chip on the computer’s motherboard
− Initializes I/O devices
− Performs tests at startup, such as memory and hardware component tests called the power-
on self-test (POST)
− Provides a user interface to allow hardware configuration such as CPU overclocking or disk
configuration
− Locates and loads the OS that interfaces with the user

44
Q

BIOS configuration is stored in a

A

complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) memory chip

45
Q

When a PC is turned on:

A

− The machine wakes up and begins executing a startup program inside the BIOS
− This program initializes the screen and keyboard, tests hardware, and initializes the hard
disk and other drives
− The main operating system is loaded onto the hard disk

46
Q

a program that is loaded into memory and executed by the CPU, can be a user application, an OS service, or even the kernel

A

a process

47
Q

a CPU mode in which a process has unrestricted access to the computer hardware and has access to privileged CPU instructions

A

kernel mode

48
Q

a CPU mode in which the process can only access memory locations allocated to it by the OS must ask the OS to access I/O devices on its behalf, and can’t execute privileged CPU instructions

A

user mode

49
Q

When a process is created, it is assigned a ___ , which allows other processes to communicate with it and the user to manage it

A

process ID (PID)

50
Q

an identifier for a file that contains all the information the file the system needs to locate and access the file

A

file handle

51
Q

Processes are usually created in one of four ways:

A

 By the bootloader
 Through a request by the operating system
 By another process
 By a user

52
Q

Memory is managed by

A

a dedicated memory manager that runs in kernel mode

53
Q

usually, a kernel mode process that
accesses hardware devices
directly on behalf of the user mode
processes or other kernel modes
processes

A

device driver

54
Q

a process where the OS checks each device one after the other in a round-robin fashion to see if it requires attention

A

Polling

55
Q

a signal, usually generated by an I/O device, that alerts the CPU and OS that a device needs attention

A

interrupt

56
Q

Pins on a CPU are usually called

A

interrupt request (IRQ) lines

57
Q

When the CPU detects the IRQ line, it stops what it is doing, determines the source of the interrupt, and starts execution of the ____, also referred to as an interrupt handler

A

interrupt service routine (ISR)

58
Q

A software interrupt is called ____ and can be generated by user mode programs when they need immediate kernel services

A

a trap

59
Q

To prevent unnecessary interruptions, ISRs turn off interrupts of equal or lower priority; this is called

A

interrupt masking

60
Q

verifies that an account trying to access a system is valid
and has provided valid credentials (username and passwo

A

authentication

61
Q

verifies that an authenticated account has permission to
perform an action on a system

A

authorization

62
Q

Jobs performed by the kernel can include the following:

A
  • Scheduling computer processes and managing resources are key tasks of the OS kernel
  • Jobs performed by the kernel can include the following:
    − Managing interactions with the CPU
    − Managing interrupt handlers and device drivers
    − Handling basic computer security
    − Managing use of the computer’s memory
    − Managing priority levels assigned to programs and computer processes
63
Q

The ability of two or more servers to act as one is known as which of the
following?
− A) hot swapping
− B) clustering
− C) bootstrapping
− D) hot adding

A

− B) clustering

64
Q

What can occur in an operating system when a system error such as divide by zero happens?

. NMI
.masking
. polling
. ISR

A

NMI

65
Q

What type of software is developed by volunteers, contains code in the public domain, and helped to make Linux popular?

.proprietary
.patented
. open source

A

open source

66
Q

In the OS boot procedure, which step occurs after the CPU starts?

.The OS is located by the firmware.
.The OS is loaded into RAM
. The CPU executes the firmware startup routines
.OS processes and services are started.

A

The CPU executes the firmware startup routine

67
Q

You are listening to music on an old smartphone and you switch to the web browser app which causes your music to stop playing. What type of OS is most likely installed on the smartphone?

.multitasking
.multiuser
.real-time
. single-tasking

A

single-tasking

68
Q

Which of the following does NOT require a device driver to be installed in the OS?

.installing additional RAM
.installing a DVD drive
. installing a new monitor
. installing a printer

A

.installing additional RAM

69
Q

A colleague of yours is configuring Performance Options on Windows Server 2019 and wants to know how the Processor scheduling setting should be configured. What should you tell him?

.Programs
.Foreground processes
.Background services
. Applications

A

Background services

70
Q

Which of the following is a program that runs in the background and does not have a user interface?

.process
. service
. interrupt
.bus

A

service

71
Q

You are testing out a new multitasking operating system. In your testing, you find that some applications are not getting sufficient CPU time while other applications are getting more than enough CPU time. Which component is responsible for determining how much CPU time each application gets?

1.BIOS
2. CPU
3. shell
4. kernel

A

kernel

72
Q

A computer has an operating system installed that is running a directory service and is configured to run without a GUI. What type of OS is most likely installed on the computer?

.server
.client
. mobile
.real-time

A

server

73
Q

Which feature of modern CPUs help prevent user applications from accessing memory used by the operating system or other processes?

. interrupts
. privileged mode
. memory manager
. the kernel

A

memory manager

74
Q

Which of the following is usually found in firmware and plays a part in starting an operating system?

.bootstrap
.LILO
.NTLDR
.bootloader

A

bootstrap

75
Q

Which OS component performs the job of managing interrupt handlers and device drivers?

. BIOS
. process manager
. memory manager
. kernel

A

kernel

76
Q

Which of the following is a service most likely provided by a server OS?

.web browser
.word processor
.DHCP client
.directory service

A

directory service

77
Q

If you need to change specific parameters controlling the way your computer boots, which of the following components would you configure?

.CPU
. API
.BIOS
.Kernel

A

BIOS

78
Q

A user typed the name of a program at the command line and pressed Enter. A user interface appeared on the screen. What function did the OS perform?

.started a process
. loaded a driver
. scheduled a service
. loaded the file system

A

started a process

79
Q

Which of the following is NOT a task performed by the computer’s BIOS?

. performs diagnostic tests
.manages random access memory
.starts the bootloader
.initializes I/O devices

A

manages random access memory

80
Q

Which of the following is created by a device to get the CPU’s attention when a device has input or output data that is ready to process?

. file handle
. polling
. interrupt
. trap

A

interrupt

81
Q

Which type of modern computer system is most likely to run a single-tasking OS?

.embedded system
. smartphone
.server
.desktop client

A

.embedded system

82
Q

On a preemptive multitasking system, what event can occur to preempt a running process and allow a new process to get control of the CPU?

.time slice expiration
.an infinite loop
. a lower-priority process requires the CPU
. a memory error

A

.time slice expiration

Cyber 100 (7 decks)

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