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Reproduction > Intro to Reproduction > Flashcards

Intro to Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘biological reproduction’

A

the process by which new individuals are produced from previously existing individuals.

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2
Q

State the 2 main types of biological reproduction

A
  • asexual

- sexual

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3
Q

Describe both types of biological reproduction

A

asexual
- one indiv. produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself

sexual
- 2 indiv. produce offspring that have genetic characteristics from both parents

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4
Q

Offspring of asexual reproduction are produced by ______

A

mitosis

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5
Q

Sexual reproduction introduces ____________ in a population

A

new gene combinations

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6
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • recombination of maternal & paternal chromosomes (in gamete) –> genetic variation in offspring –> allows natural selection to occur in a changing environ.
  • adaptation to evolution in other organisms in environ.
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7
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

recombination of maternal & paternal chromosomes (in gamete) –> genetic variation in offspring –> allows natural selection to occur in a changing environ.
- adaptation to evolution in other organisms in environ.

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8
Q

List how to differentiate b/n male & female (4)

A
  • external appearance
  • reproductive organs (exernal & internal)
  • hormones
  • behaviour
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9
Q

State the 2 areas of the brain involved in the endocrine system of reproduction (hormone production)

A
  • hypothalamus

- anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

State the 3 glands involved in the endocrine system of reproduction

A
  • parathyroid glands
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
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11
Q

State the name of the gonad (location of gamete produc.) in the female & male

A

female
-ovaries

male
- testes

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12
Q

Name 2 reproductive hormones produced in the female

A
  • oestradiol

- progesterone

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13
Q

Name the reproductive hormone produced in the male

A

testosterone

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14
Q

List the 4 categories of hormones in reproduction

A
  • peptides
  • proteins
  • eicosanoids
  • gonadal steroids
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15
Q

State the 2 classes in ‘peptides & proteins’

A
  • glycoproteins

- peptides

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16
Q

State examples for each class (3)

A

glycoprotein:

  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)

peptides:
- gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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17
Q

List examples of steroids in reproduction (3)

A
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • oestradiol
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18
Q

List examples of eicosanoids in reproduction (3)

A

prostaglandins

mainly:
- PGF 2 alpha
- PGE 2

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19
Q

List examples of amines in reproduction (4)

A
  • catecholamines (e.g dopamine)

- indoleamines (e.g melatonin)

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20
Q

Explain the process of hormonal control in reproduction (6)

A
  1. hypothalamus produces GnRH
  2. GnRH interacts w/ anterior pituitary, causing it to produce LH & FSH
  3. LH & FSH arrives at gonads
  4. in females, it provokes the production of oestradiol, progesterone, & inhibin
  5. in males, it provokes the production of testosterone & inhibin
  6. these hormones interacts w/ hypothalamus & anterior pituitary via negative and/or positive feedback
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21
Q

State the function of the FSH in males (1) & females (2)

A

male:
- stimulates sperm production via testes

female:

  • stimulates ova production
  • stimulates oestradiol secretion
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22
Q

State the function of the LH in males (1) & females (2)

A

male:
- testosterone secretion

female:

  • oestradiol synthesis & ovulation
  • formation of corpus luteum
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23
Q

Define ‘corpus luteum’

A

an organ that is formed in the ovaries after ovulation

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24
Q

Corpus luteum produces & secretes ________

A

progesterone

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25
Q

State the function of progesterone

A

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

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26
Q

GnRH is a _______ hormone consisting of ____ amino acids

A
  • peptide

- 10

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27
Q

Describe the structure of LH & FSH (gonadotrophins) (3)

A
  • composed of 2 non-identical subunits (alpha & beta)
  • alpha subunit: common to LH, FSH, etc.
  • beta subunit: unique & specific to each hormone
28
Q

LH is regulated by ______ & _______

A
  • GnRH

- gonadal steroids

29
Q

The secretion of GnRH is _______

A

pulsatile

30
Q

Pulse _____ is diff. during the diff. stages of the oestrous cycle

A

frequency

31
Q

LH secretion can have both ______ & ______ modulation

A
  • frequency

- amplitude

32
Q

State the 3 diff. phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. early follicular phase
  2. mid follicular phase
  3. late follicular phase
33
Q

State when the luteal phase begins

A

when the corpus luteum is formed

34
Q

Explain the changes in frequency & magnitude of pulses in the follicular phase

A
  • frequent pulses

- shorter amplitude

35
Q

Explain the changes in frequency & magnitude of pulses in the luteal phase

A
  • distance b/n pulses are longer

- each pulse has a bigger amplitude

36
Q

The preovulatory surge of LH is responsible for ___________ & _________

A
  • follicular rupture

- ovulation

37
Q

LH regulates testosterone biosynthesis in ________ cells of the male

A

Leydig

38
Q

State the function of FSH (2)

A
  • stimulates growth & maturation of follicle

- affects spermatogenesis up to the secondary spermatocyte stage

39
Q

FSH acts on _______ cells of the follicle in females

A

granulosa

40
Q

FSH acts on _______ cells of the testis in males

A

sertoli

41
Q

State the function of inhibin & activin on FSH

A

inhibin:
- inhibits FSH release

activin:
- activates FSH release

42
Q

State the outcome of injecting more FSH in animals under a controlled program (3)

A
  • more follicles induced to grow
  • causes multiple ovulation / super ovulation
  • used in animal breeding
43
Q

State how gonadal steroids are classified in males (1) & females (2)

A

female:

  • progestins (progesterone)
  • oestrogens (oestradiol)

male:
- androgens (testosterone)

44
Q

State where female gonadal steroids are produced

A

ovarian follicle

45
Q

Outline steroid synthesis (5)

A
  1. cholesterol (C27) is the substrate for production
  2. C27 loses 6 carbons, producing progestins (C21)
  3. C21 becomes progesterone via changes in the double bond
  4. progesterone is converted to testosterone (androgen) via loss of 2 carbons (C19 now)
  5. testosterone is converted to oestradiol (oestrogen) (C18) via loss of 1 carbon
46
Q

State the function of the ovary (2)

A
  • oogenesis: the production of gametes
  • synthesis of female sex hormones
    • steroid hormones: oestradiol, progesterone
    • peptide hormones: inhibin
47
Q

State the main site of androgen production in males

A

Leydig cells w/i the testis

48
Q

State the female counterpart of the Leydig cell

A

theca cell

49
Q

State the functions of progestagens (2)

A
  • regulate gonadotrophin secretion (via negative feedback)
  • prepare uterus to receive conceptus (for being receptive to an implanting embryo after fertilization)
    • stimulate growth of mammary glands while suppressing milk secretion
    • promote the formation of non-penetrable cervical mucous
50
Q

State the function of progestagens during pregnancy

A

depress uterine activity

51
Q

State the function of androgens (5)

A
  • induce & maintain differentiation of male somatic tissues
    • induce secondary sex characteristics of males & body hair of females
    • induce & maintain some secondary sex characters of males (accessory sex organs)
  • promote protein anabolism & somatic growth
  • support spermatogenesis
  • influence sexual & aggressive behaviour
  • regulate secretion of gonadotrophins
52
Q

State the function of oestrogens (7)

A
  • stimulate growth & activity of mammary gland & endometrium
  • prepare uterus for spermatozoal transport –> help movement of sperm into uterus
  • prepare endometrium for progestagen action (i.e induce progesterone receptors)
  • increase vascular permeability & tissue oedema
  • regulate secretion of gonadotrophins
  • associated w/ sexual behaviour in some species
  • stimulate secondary sex characters of females
53
Q

Outline eicosanoid synthesis (2)

A
  1. phospholipids convert to arachidonic acid (AA) via phospholypase A2 enzyme
  2. AA converts to prostaglandins (PGs) via cyclooxygenase (COX)
54
Q

PG synthesis is blocked by ________

A

NSAIDs

55
Q

Prostaglandins act as _______ hormones

A

local

56
Q

Layer of cells immediately surrounding the ovum but outside the zona pellucida is called:

A

corona radiata

Corona radiata surround the oocyte and look like a wheel! These cells are the inner layer of cumulus cells.

57
Q

Corpus luteum is the source of secretion of:

A

progesterone

Progesterone is produced by the luteinised granulosa and theca cells in the corpus luteum.

58
Q

If after ovulation, pregnancy does not take place, then the corpus luteum:

a. degenerates in a short time
b. produces lots of relaxin and oxytocin
c. becomes active and secretes a lot of LH and FSH
d. is maintained in the presence of progesterone

A

a. degenerates in a short time

59
Q

Successful fertilisation of sheep oocytes occurs in the lumen of ______, but not in the ______.

A
  • oviduct

- uterus

60
Q

Whenever a follicule is ovulated, the body will prepare the endometrial lining for implantation just in case the released egg is fertilised. In order to prepare for potential pregnancy, the _______ releases progesterone.

A

corpus luteum

61
Q

Which ONE of these processes increases variablity of the offspring?

a. Mitosis
b. Budding
c. Fragmentation
d. Asexual reproduction
e. Meiosis

A

e. Meiosis

62
Q

How many days is the average length of oestrous cycle in the ewe?

a. 21 days
b. 23 days
c. 28 days
d. 17 days
e. 19 days

A

d. 17 days

63
Q

The phase of the estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is highly functional is:

a. metestrus
b. estrus
c. proestrus
d. diestrus

A

d. diestrus

64
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone is responsible for the stimulation/release of which hormone?

a. Insulin
b. LH
c. Progesterone
d. Oxytocin
e. Beta oestradiol

A

b. LH

65
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone?

a. Glucocorticoid
b. Androgen
c. Oestrogen
d. Corticosteroid

A

b. Androgen

66
Q

FSH receptor in the granulosa cells and LH receptor in the theca cells mediate steroidogenesis in the growing ovarian follicles. True/False?

A

TRUE

67
Q

Meiosis is part of both oogenesis and spermatogenesis. True/False?

A

TRUE

Reproduction (1 decks)

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