Introduction

Question 1

what are some stereotypes about adolescence?

Answer 1

• period of storm and stress
• peer pressure is a controlling influence
• time of rebellion/conflict with parents

Question 2

what are 3 types of transitions that happen during adolescence?

Answer 2

1. biological
2. social
3. cognitive

Question 3

what is a salient developmental task?

Answer 3

• issues that are of particular concern during specific periods of development
• central challenges of each stage of development

Question 4

what are 4 historical forces that shape adolescence?

Answer 4

1. child labor laws
2. compulsory education
3. juvenile delinquency laws
4. secular trend

Question 5

how does culture serve as a factor of adolescence?

Answer 5

-attitudes towards education, children/adolescents in the workforce, responsibilities in family

Question 6

what might a sociocultural perspective on development argue?

Answer 6

-adolescence is a phenomenon that reflects interactions + transactions between individual + cultural context

Question 7

What is Stanley Hall’s biopsychological perspective on adolescence?

Answer 7

• development mirrors evolution
• humans evolved from animal-like stage to a civilized stage
• with development, child moves from primitive stage to sophisticated stage

Question 8

According to Hall’s stages of development, what is adolescence characterized by?

Answer 8

• war
• societal upheaval
• destruction

Question 9

what does Sigmund Freud argue about behavior and development?

Answer 9

-behavior + development is driven by instinctual energy

Question 10

what are the three psychic structures according to Freud?

Answer 10

1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego

Question 11

what is the Id?

Answer 11

-pure unchecked energy, drive, desire

Question 12

what is the Ego?

Answer 12

-understanding constraints of reality

Question 13

what is the Superego?

Answer 13

-conscious, internalization of right/wrong

Question 14

what did Ana Freud argo about adolescence?

Answer 14

• period of regression to earlier conflicts
• Id/superego conflicts re-emerge, lead to development of neurotic anxiety
• adolescents develop new defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety

Question 15

what does Erik Erikson focus on?

Answer 15

role of the ego instead of the id

Question 16

how does Erikson see development?

Answer 16

• organized around crises

- these crises occur when an individual’s goals are in conflict with constraints of reality

Question 17

what are the 2 crises of adolescence according to Erikson?

Answer 17

• Identity vs. Identity

- Intimacy vs. Isolation

Question 18

what is BF Skinner’s focus?

Answer 18

-behaviorism + learning

Question 19

why does BF Skinner think development occurs?

Answer 19

-result of the accumulation of learning

Question 20

what does BF Skinner think of adolescence?

Answer 20

-not really a unique developmental stage because learning occurs across the lifespan

Question 21

what does the cognitive perspective focus on?

Answer 21

-how people organize and process information

Question 22

what do schemas do?

Answer 22

• guide interactions with the environment

- higher order cognitive structures

Question 23

what is Urie Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory?

Answer 23

-human development best understood as a series of changes and accommodations that occur between an active growing person and the immediate social environment

Question 24

what are the 6 layers of the Broffenbrenner system?

Answer 24

1. child
2. microsystem
3. mesosystem
4. exosystem
5. macrosystem
   6 chronosystem

Question 25

what is the microsystem?

Answer 25

-relationships/interactions with immediate environment

EX: family, school, neighborhood

Question 26

what is the mesosystem?

Answer 26

-links between structures of child’s microsystem

EX: PTA (relationship between teachers and parent)

Question 27

what is the exosystem?

Answer 27

-adolescent is not necessarily directly exposed to this level of environment
-structures that impact development by influencing microsystem
EX: parent’s work environment

Question 28

what is the macrosystem?

Answer 28

• cultural values, customs, laws

- influences all other aspects of child’s environment

Question 29

what is the chronosystem?

Answer 29

• role of time

- historical context, transitions over time