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PARASITOLOGY LECTURE > Introduction (prelim) > Flashcards

Introduction (prelim) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two names of parasite

A

Genus and Species name

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2
Q

it is a living organism, which lives in or upon under organisms and derives nutrients from it without giving any benefit to the host

A

Parasite

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3
Q

(2) Parasite may be classified as:

A

Ectoparasite and Endoparasite

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4
Q

they inhabit the surface of the body of the host without penetrating into the tissues

A

Ectoparasite

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5
Q

They are important vectors transmitting the pathogenic microbes

A

Ectoparasite

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6
Q

The infection by these parasites is called infestation e.g. Fleas or ticks

A

Ectoparasite

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7
Q

They live within the body of the host (e.g. Leishmania)

A

Endoparasite

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8
Q

invasion by these parasite is called infection

A

Endoparasite

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of endoparasites

A
  1. Obligate
  2. Facultative
  3. Accidental
  4. Abberant/ Wandering
  5. Spurios
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10
Q

They cannot exist withour a parasitic life in the host

A

Obligate Parasite

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11
Q

Example of Obligate Parasite

A

Plasmodium Species

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12
Q

They can live a parasitic life or free-living life, when the opportunity arises

A

Facultative Parasite

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13
Q

Example of Facultative Parasite

A

Acantamoeba

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14
Q

They infect unusual host

A

Accidental Parasite

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15
Q

Example of Accidental Parasite

A

Ecchinococcus granules

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16
Q

They infect a host where they cannot live or develop further

A

Abberant/ Wandering Parasite

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17
Q

Example of Abberant / Wandering Parasite

A

Toxocara in humans

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18
Q

What are the 13 taxanomic units?

A

Kingdom
Sub-kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Super Class
Class
Subclass
Order
Suborder
Super Family
Family
Genus
Species

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19
Q

The generic name of Parasite always begins with ___

A

Initial Capital Letter

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20
Q

Species name is with

A

Initial small letter

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21
Q

Is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious Parasite

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22
Q

defined as an organism, which harbors the Parasite and provides nourishment ans shelter

A

Host

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23
Q

5 types of host

A

Definitive
Intermidiate
Reservoir
Paratenic
Amplifier

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24
Q

3 host-Parasite relationship

A

Symbiosis
Commensalism
Parasitism

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25
Q

The clinical manifestion of the infection, which shows thee active presence, and replication of the Parasite causing damage to the host

A

Disease

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26
Q

It may be mild, severe and fulminant and in some cases may even caused death to the host

A

Disease

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27
Q

The person who is infected with the Parasite without any clinical or sub-clinical disease

A

Carrier

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28
Q

He can transmit the Parasite to others

A

Carrier

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29
Q

adult Parasite replicate sexually

A

Definitive Host

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30
Q

undergoes asexual multiplication

A

Intermidiate host e

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31
Q

Serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts

A

Reservoir host

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32
Q

the parasite cannot develop further and not essential for its life cycle

A

Paratenic Hosts

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33
Q

parasite lives and multiplies exponentially

A

Amplifier Hosts

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34
Q

It is the close association between the host and the parasite. Both are independent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the other. None of them suffer any harm from each other.

A

Symbiosis

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35
Q

it is an association in which the parasite only derives the benefit without causing any injury to the host.

A

Commensalism

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36
Q

A Commensal is capable of living an independent life

A

Commensalism

37
Q

It is an association in which the parasite derives benefit from the host and always causes some injury to the host. The host gets no benefit in return

A

Parasitism

38
Q

it is the source or reservoir for a majority of parasitic infections (e.g.., amoebiasis, enterobiasis)

A

Man

39
Q

Transmitted from infected animals to humans is called _________

A

zoonoses

40
Q

it can be transmitted to humans either directly or indirectly via vectors

A

Animal

41
Q

E.g of Animals infection from dogs and cats

A

Cystic Echinococcosis (dogs)
Toxoplasmosis (cats)

42
Q

It is an agent, usually an anthropod that transmits the infection from one infected human being to another.

A

Vectors

43
Q

It can be biological or mechanical

A

Vectors

44
Q

An infected blood sucking insert can transmit the Parasite directly into the blood during its blood meal

A

Vectors

45
Q

_______ with human excreta containing eggs of the parasites can act as an important source of infection

A

Soil polluted

46
Q

Example of soil polluted infection

A

Hookworm, ascaris, stronggyloides and trichuris species

47
Q

It is contaminated with human feces

A

Water polluted/ contaminated

48
Q

Example of water contaminated

A

Cysts of E. Hytolytica / Gardia Lamblia

49
Q

It contains the larvae of cysticerus bovis

A

Raw beef

50
Q

It contains cytecerus cellulosae

A

Raw pork / undercooked meat

51
Q

What are the 7 modes of transmission

A

Oral or feco-oral route
Penetration of the skin and mucuos membranes
Sexual Contact
Bite of Vectors
Vertical transmission
Blood Transfusion
Autoinfection

52
Q

It is the most common mode of transmission of the parasites.

A

Oral or Feco-oral route

53
Q

Infection is transmitted orally by ingestion of food, water or vegetables contaminated with feces containing the ineffective stages of the parasite

A

Oral or feco-oral route

54
Q

Example of Parasite that we can get in Penetration of the skin & mucuos membranes

A

e.g., filariform larva of strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm

55
Q

type of Parasite that can penetrate through the skin of an individual walking bare-footed over contaminated soil

A

Hookworm

56
Q

Example of Parasite that we can get in Oral or feco-oral route

A

Cysts of E. Histolytica and Ova of ascaris lumbricoides

57
Q

This infection can be transmitted through unbroken skin

A

Penetration of the skin & mucuos membranes

58
Q

what is the most frequent Parasite to be transmitted by sexual contact?

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

59
Q

This Parasites are also transmitted rarely by sexual contact among homosexual

A

Entamoeba, Giardia and Enterobius

60
Q

Many parasitic diseases are transmitted by insect bite

A

Bite of Vectors

61
Q

Mother to fetus transmission is important for few parasitic infections like Taxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Vertical Transmission

62
Q

Certain Parasite like Plasmodium species, Babesia species, Taxoplasma species, Leishmania and Trypanosoma species can be transmitted through ______________

A

Blood Transfusion/ Transfusion of blood

63
Q

Few Intestinal parasites may be transmitted to the same person by contaminated handor by reverse peristalsis

A

Autoinfection

64
Q

2 life cycle of parasite

A

Direct (simple)
Indirect (complex)

65
Q

When a parasite requires only one host to complex its development

A

Direct / simple life cycle

66
Q

When a parasite requires two hosts (one definitive host and another intermediate host) to complete its development (one definitive host and two intermediate host)

A

Indirect / complex life cycle

67
Q

immune status, age, underlying disease, nutritional status, genetic constitution and various defense mechanisms of the host

A

Host factors

68
Q

Size, route of entry, frequency of infection, parasitic load and various immune evasion mechanisms of the parasite

A

Parasitic factors

69
Q

The immune response against the parasitic infections depend on two factors:

A

Host factors
Parsitic Factors

70
Q

the host immunity against the parasitic disease may be of two types:

A

Protective immune response
Unwanted or harmful immune response

71
Q

It is the resistance which an individual possesses by birth due to genetic and constitutional make-up

A

Innate Immunity

72
Q

What are the 5 components of innate immunity

A

Anatomic barriers (skin and mucosa)
Physiological barriers
Phagocytosis
Complements
Natural Killer cells

73
Q

What are the 4 factors influencing innate immunity

A

Age of the host
Sex
Nutritional status
Genetic constitutional of the individuals

74
Q

_______ is an important barrier for the parasites that enter by cutaneous routes

A

Skin

75
Q

What are the 3 Parasites that enter by cutaneous routes

A

Schistosomes, hookworm and Strongyloides

76
Q

It includes temperature, pH, and various soluble molecules like lysozyme, interferon and complement

A

Physiologic barriers

77
Q

Gastric acidity acts as a physiologic barrier to this two parasite

A

Giardia and dracunculus

78
Q

________ like macrophages and macrophages acts as first Line of defense against th parasites

A

Phagocytosis

79
Q

They play an important role for killing the extracellular parasites by forming membrane attack complexes; that leads to the formation of holes in the parasite membrane

A

Complements

80
Q

________ are another important mediator of innate immunity. They play a central role in killing few of the helminthic parasites

A

Natural Killer cells

81
Q

This is the resistance acquired by an individual during life following exposure to an agent.

A

Acquired / adaptive Immunity

82
Q

Sometimes the hosts find it difficult to contain the parasitic infections ,mainly because of this 3 reasons

A

Large size of the parasites
Complicated life cycles
Antigenic complexicity

83
Q

It plays an important role in establishing the specific diagnosis of various parasitic infections

A

Laboratory diagnosis if parasitic diseases

84
Q

What are the 8 following following techniques used in diagnosis of parasitic infections:

A

Parasitic diagnosis
Culture methods
Immunodiagnostic methods (antigen and antibody detection)
Intradermal skin test
Molecular methods
Xenodiagnostic techniques
Animal innoculation’imaging techniques

85
Q

It is primarily based on chemotherapy and in some cases by surgery

A

Treatment of parasitic disease

86
Q

Various chemotherapeutic agents are used for the treatment and prophylaxis of parasitic infections

A

Antiparasitic Drugs

87
Q

For management of parasitic diseases like cystic Echinococcosis and neurocysticerocosis surgery is indicated

A

Surgical Management

88
Q

What are the 10 mechanical trauma in Pathogenesis of Parsitic Diseases

A

Eggs
Larvae
Adult worms
Space eccupying lesions
Inflammatory reactions
Enzyme production and lytic necrosis
Toxins
Allergic Manifestations
Neoplasia
Secondary bacterial infections

PARASITOLOGY LECTURE (4 decks)

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