Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is the difference between anatomy and Physiology?

Answer 1

• Anatomy describes the structure of the body, what they are made of, where they are located, and the structures that are associated with.
• Physiology is the study of the functions of those anatomical structures. It includes individual and cooperative functions.

Question 2

————– Structures you see by your naked eyes.

Answer 2

Gross anatomy

Question 3

————– Structures you see under the microscope.

Answer 3

Microscopic anatomy

Question 4

What is the phylum, subphylum and class of animals?

Answer 4

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia

Question 5

what are the 11 organ systems

Answer 5

Cardiovascular. Respiratory. Integumentary. Endocrine. Lymphatic. Muscular. Nervous. Skeletal. Female reproductive and Male reproductive. Digestive. Urinary.

Question 6

What are the major organs of the integumentary system and its function?

Answer 6

Major organs:
- Skin
- Hair
- Sweat glands
- Nails
Functions:
- Protect against the environmental hazards
- regulate body temperature
- provide sensory information

Question 7

What are the major organs of the Cardiovascular system and its function?

Answer 7

Major organs:
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Functions:
- Distributes blood cells, Water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
-Distribute heat and assess and control of body temperature.

Question 8

What are the major organs of the Nervous system and its function?

Answer 8

Major organs:
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- sense organs
- peripheral nerves

Functions:
- Directs immediate response to stimuli
-Coordinates or moderate activities of other organ systems
-Provide an interpret sensory information about external conditions

Question 9

What are the major organs of the Endocrine system and its function?

Answer 9

Major organs:
- Pituitary gland. Thyroid gland. Adrenal glands. Pancreas. Gonads. Endocrine tissue and other systems.

Functions:
- Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ system.
- Adjust metabolic activity and energy used by the body.
- Control many structural and functional changes during development.

Question 10

What are the major organs of the Muscular system and its function?

Answer 10

Major organs:
- Skeletal muscles and associated tendons.

Functions:
- Provide movement.
- Provide protection and support for other tissues.
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

Question 11

What are the major organs of the Skeletal system and its function?

Answer 11

Major organs:
- Bones.
- Cartilages.
- Associated ligaments.
- bone marrow.
Functions:
- Provide support and protection for other tissues.
- Store calcium and other minerals.
- Forms blood cells.

Question 12

What are the major organs of the Respiratory system and its function?

Answer 12

Major organs:
- lungs
- trachea
- bronchi
- sinuses
- nasal cavities
- larynx
- alveoli

Functions:
- delivers air to alveoli (sites where gas exchange occurs)
- provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes CO2 from bloodstream
- produces sounds for communication

Question 13

What are the major organs of the Lymphatic system and its function?

Answer 13

Major organs:
- spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- tonsils

Functions:
- defends against infections an diseases
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Question 14

What are the major organs of the Digestive system and its function?

Answer 14

Major organs:
- teeth
- tongue
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas

Functions:
- process and digest food
- absorbs and conserve water
- absorb nutrients
- stores energy reserves

Question 15

What are the major organs of the Female reproductive system and its function?

Answer 15

Major organs:
- ovaries
- uterine tube
- uterus
- vagina
- labia
- clitoris
- mammary glans

Functions:
- produces female sex cells (oocytes), and hormones
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- provide milk to nourish newborn infant
- sexual intercourse

Question 16

What are the major organs of the Male reproductive system and its function?

Answer 16

Major organs:
- testes
- epididymides
- ductus deferentia
- seminal vesicles
- prostate glands
- penis
- scrotum

Functions:
- produce male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones
- sexual intercourse

Question 17

What are the major organs of the Urinary system and its function?

Answer 17

Major organs:
- kidney
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra

Functions:
- excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume or urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood ion concentration and pH

Question 18

——– A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface

Answer 18

Sectional plane

Question 19

———- Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Answer 19

Frontal (coronal) plane

Question 20

——– Vertical plane dividing body into left and right
portions

Answer 20

Sagittal plane

Question 21

—— divides body into superior and
inferior portions

Answer 21

Transverse plane

Question 22

———— is a medical
imaging technique used to take
images of organs or other
structures inside of the body.

Answer 22

MRI

Question 23

———— scans are used to produce
detailed 3-dimensional images of
the inside of the body to view
complex systemic diseases by
showing problems at the cellular
level..

Answer 23

PET

Question 24

———— of the body
uses sophisticated x-ray
technology to help
detect a variety of
diseases and
conditions.

Answer 24

CT

Question 25

Essential functions of body
cavities

Answer 25

• Protect organs from shocks
  and impacts
• Permit significant changes in
  size and shape of internal
  organs

Answer 26

diaphragm

Question 27

The two types of body cavities

Answer 27

• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 28

———- chamber within
abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 28

Peritoneal cavity

Question 29

Peritoneal cavity consists of-

Answer 29

-Parietal peritoneum
lines the internal
body wall
- Visceral
peritoneum covers
the organs

Question 30

Define Homeostasis

Answer 30

• All body systems work together to maintain a stable
  internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes
  to keep variables within normal ranges (body
  temperature, fluid balance)

Question 31

Two types of Homeostatic regulation

Answer 31

Autoregulation
Extrinsic regulation

Question 32

what is Autoregulation and give an example

Answer 32

• Automatic response in a cell, tissue,
  or organ to an environmental change

Stimulus: Let’s say you go outside on a hot day, and your body temperature starts to rise due to the increased external temperature.

Receptor: Specialized temperature-sensing cells in your skin and internal organs, called thermoreceptors, detect the change in temperature.

Control Center: The hypothalamus in your brain acts as the control center in this case. It receives the information from the thermoreceptors and processes it.

Effector: If your body temperature rises above the set point, the hypothalamus sends signals to effectors, like sweat glands. These sweat glands start producing sweat, which evaporates from your skin and helps cool down your body.

Response: As a result of sweating, your body temperature begins to decrease, moving back toward the set point of 98.6°F (37°C).

Feedback: As your body temperature returns to the set point, the hypothalamus detects this change and reduces the signal to the sweat glands, slowing down or stopping the sweating process. This prevents your body from cooling down excessively.

Maintenance: The hypothalamus continuously monitors your body temperature and adjusts sweating and other processes as needed to maintain the stable internal temperature despite changes in the external environment.

Question 33

what is Extrinsic regulation and give an example

Answer 33

Responses controlled by nervous
and endocrine systems

Imagine you have a thermostat-controlled heating system in your home. This system is designed to maintain a consistent indoor temperature, regardless of the external temperature changes.

Stimulus: The external temperature drops, causing the indoor temperature to decrease as well.

Receptor: The thermostat, which is a temperature-sensing device, detects the drop in indoor temperature.

Control Center: The thermostat acts as the control center in this scenario. It receives the temperature information and compares it to the desired set temperature (e.g., 70°F or 21°C).

Effector: If the indoor temperature is below the set point, the thermostat sends a signal to the heating system (the effector). The heating system then starts producing heat.

Response: As the heating system generates heat, the indoor temperature begins to rise, moving closer to the desired set temperature.

Feedback: Once the indoor temperature reaches the set point, the thermostat detects this change and signals the heating system to either reduce or stop producing heat.

Maintenance: The thermostat continuously monitors the indoor temperature and activates the heating system as needed to maintain the set temperature. If the external temperature changes again, the thermostat will respond accordingly to prevent the indoor temperature from deviating too far from the set point.

Question 34

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of

Answer 34

• receptor
• control center
• effector

Question 35

The response of the effector negates the stimulus
- Body is brought back into homeostasis
- Normal range is maintained
this is called———-

Answer 35

Negative feedback

Question 36

Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
- Body is moved away from homeostasis
- Normal range is not maintained
this is called———-

Answer 36

Positive feedback