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FOM week 1 > introduction to blood > Flashcards

introduction to blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average circulating volume in a typical adult male
and is it more of less in women

A

5L of blood in total
(broken down)
1L in the lungs
3L in the

tends to be less in women

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2
Q

what percentage of blood count for our total body weight?

A

7-8%

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3
Q

describe the composition of the plasma

A

95% is water and the remaining consists of ions and nutrients

composition kept within strict limits
(homeostasis)

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4
Q

what is the role of the plasma

A

transports biologically active compounds

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5
Q

Name the plasma proteins

A

Albumin (most abundant- makes 60% of plasma proteins)

Globulin (alpha beta and gamma)

Fibrinogen

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6
Q

what is the role of an albumin plasma protein

A

create oncotic pressure & transports steroid hormones.

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7
Q

explain colloid oncotic pressure

A

plasma proteins do not cross capillary wall therefore the presence of plasma proteins displaces water in the Intersititial space

This generates a force which drives water sodium and glucose into the blood vessel (plasma)
this movement causes the concentration of the fluid to remain unchanged but the volume is altered

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8
Q

why doesn’t the blood vessel burst in oncotic pressure

A

due to the water balancing itself out

volume changes (as Na and glucose enter blood vessel)
but water conc remains the same

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9
Q

terms to describe abnormally low levels of plasma proteins

A

hypoproteinaeima

this also leads to oedema (loss in oncotic pressure)

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10
Q

where do all blood cells found in the circulation come from?

A

undifferentiated cells called pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow

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11
Q

what is the normal lifespan of RBC

A

RBC- pluripotent stem cells become a committed proginator cell

these cells have a mitochondria and ribosome but by the time it gets to the erythroblast stage it looses its ability to synthesis proteins& by the time its a full erythrocyte it has no ribosome or mitochondria

between the erythroblast cell and erythrocyte we have a reticulocyte which are almost mature red blood cells that later mature into erythrocytes after 24hrs

120 day lifespan and after this they become deformed & recycled into new blood cells

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12
Q

describe the function of red blood cells

A

carry oxygen around the body

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13
Q

Describe the function of erythropoietin, where it is synthesised and the factors

A

erythropoietin stimulates the progression of
pluripotent cells becoming imature erythroblast cells

factors such as anemia and liver disease cause increase in erythropoietin

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14
Q

give examples of what leukocyte/white blood cells are divided into?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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15
Q

give examples of granulocytes

A

neutrophils (most abundant)
eosinophils
basophils

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16
Q

give examples of types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

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17
Q

what are lymphocytes divded into ?

A

B cells and T cells( T helper & T killer cells)

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18
Q

what is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage

A

monocytes circulate in the plasma
macrophages are not in the circulation

19
Q

understand the factors controlling white blood cell formation

A

more complex that erythropoeisis as u have more cells to consider

it is controlled by a cocktail of different cytokines,colony stimulating factors + interleukins that create the conditions to stimulate one particular WBC to mature

20
Q

in response to infection what does an increase in neutrophils and increase in lymphocytes increase?

A

viral infection = increase in lymphocyte number

bacterial = neutrophils increase

21
Q

Define what is meant by haematocrit

A

(common measurement of blood )

it is a measurement of red blood cell volume (compared to whole blood)

22
Q

State the normal value for haematocrit and appreciate how this may change in certain circumstances

A

normal range 40-50%
may be different less in women
increase in dehydration and erythpoeisis

23
Q

state a factor that affects viscosity

A

increase temp decreases viscosity & vice versa

24
Q

what volume of blood does a newborn have?

A

350ml

25
Q

are 2/6 functions of blood thermoregulation and mainting ECF ph?

A

yes blood is involved in thermoregulation
and maintaing ECF ph

26
Q

what makes up 60% of plasma proteins?
and 38% of it

A

albumins

globulins

27
Q

role of albumin

A

create oncotic pressure and transport steroid hormones and fat soluble vitamins

28
Q

state 3 components that make up plasma protein globulins

A

alpha
beta
gamma

29
Q

what are gamma globulins ?

A

antibodies

30
Q

what are beta and alpha globulins role

A

transport steroid hormones and fat soluble vitamins

31
Q

what percentage does fibrinogen make up in plasma proteins?

A

2%

32
Q

what is the name of osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins?

A

colloid oncotic pressure (generated by alubmins)

33
Q

what are the 5 white blood cells?

A

neutrophils - most abundant
basophils- least
eosinophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

34
Q

what are platelets derived from?

A

megakorocytes

35
Q

what can pluripotent haemotopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

A

committed and non-committed stem cells

36
Q

example of uncommitted stem cell

A

committed progenitor cells

36
Q

example of a committed stem cell

A

lymphocytes

37
Q

what is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

38
Q

what organ is used to detect deformed cells, and recycle them?

A

spleen

39
Q

list the categories of granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

gran- basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils

agran- monocytes lympocytes

40
Q

formation of WBC and RBC called what

A

erthyropoesis

leukopoeposis

41
Q

how many interleukins have currently been identified?

A

40

42
Q

if haematocrit increase by 50%, what change will there be in viscosity?

A

100% INCREASE in viscosity

only one that is adequate pattern

43
Q

effect of an increase in temp and increase in flow rate of blood on viscosity

A

decreases it (inadeuqte relationship)

FOM week 1 (5 decks)

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