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Clinical Parasitology Lecture > Introduction to Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Concerned primarily with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of tropical regions.

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

Give three Tropical Diseases and their cause of the disease

A
  1. Schistosomiasis - caused by Schistosoma
  2. Tremadomal - caused by Trematodes
  3. STH (Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis)
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5
Q

Organism depending on another living creatures for existence

A

Parasite

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6
Q

Parasites depends on the host for:

A

Nutrients
Survival
Protection

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7
Q

Organism that supports or harbors parasite

A

Host

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8
Q

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vector

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9
Q

Number of new cases of infection in a population in a given period of time.

A

Incidence

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10
Q

Number of new and old cases of infection in a population in a given period of time.

A

Prevalence

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11
Q

Prevalence is reported in _____

A

Percentage

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12
Q

Refers to the number of worms present per infected person

A

Worm Burden/Intensity of Infection

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13
Q

Classification of Worm Burden/Intensity of Infection

A

Indirect Measure of Intensity of Infection
Direct Measure of Intensity of Infection

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14
Q

Use of anti-helminthic/Anti-parasitic drug in public health program

A

Deworming

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15
Q

Reduction to zero of a given infection brought only by joined efforts in a community

A

Elimination

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16
Q

Primary Treatment

A

Deworming

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17
Q

An example of Elimination is _____

A

Deworming

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18
Q

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection

A

Eradication

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19
Q

The act or process of inoculation.

A

Exposure

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20
Q

Introduction of infectious agent is through _____

A

Inoculation

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21
Q

Animal parasites which are harmful, frequently causing local and systemic damage of one type or another.

A

Pathogenic Parasite

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22
Q

Period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation Period

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23
Q

Classifications of Incubation Period

A
  1. Biological Incubation Period/Pre-patent Period
  2. Clinical Incubation Period
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24
Q

It is the time interval between infection and demonstration of infection or parasite.

A

Biological Incubation Period/Pre-patent Period

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25
Q

It is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Clinical Incubation Period

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26
Q

Parasites live in the surface of the skin

A

Infestation

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27
Q

Parasite lives inside the human body

A

Infection

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28
Q

Classification of Infection

A

Superinfection/Hyperinfection
Autoinfection/Autoreinfection
Coinfection

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29
Q

When an individual harboring a parasite is reinfected with the same species leading to massive infection of the parasite

A

Superinfection/Hyperinfection

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30
Q

When the infected person is his own direct source of reexposure.

A

Autoinfection/Autoreinfection

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31
Q

When two different parasite enters the human body

A

Coinfection

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32
Q

List down the types of Parasites according to the Mode of Habitat

A
  1. Ectoparasite
  2. Endoparasite
  3. Erratic Parasites
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33
Q

These are parasite living outside the body of the host

A

Ectoparasite

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34
Q

Do the Ectoparasite penetrate into the tissues or not?

A

Ectoparasite will not penetrate into the tissues

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35
Q

The cause of Ectoparasite is called as _____

A

Infestation

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36
Q

Parasite living inside the body of the host

A

Endoparasite

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37
Q

This is a type of parasite living within the body of the host (infection)

A

Endoparasite

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38
Q

A type of parasite that are responsible to cause human infections

A

Endoparasite

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39
Q

A type of Parasite that is found in an organ where it does not ordinarily live

A

Erratic Parasite

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40
Q

Types of parasites according to the Mode of Development

A
  1. Obligate Parasite
  2. Facultative Parasite
  3. Incidental/Accidental Parasite
  4. Parthenogenetic Parasite
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41
Q

A type of Parasite that depend entirely upon their host for existence.

A

Obligate Parasite

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42
Q

A type of Parasite that cannot live without the host

A

Obligate Parasite

43
Q

A type of Parasite that exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises.

A

Facultative Parasite

44
Q

A type of Parasite that establish itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

A

Incidental/Accidental Parasite

45
Q

A type of Parasite wherein the female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasite and whose eggs contain larva that immediately hatches

A

Parthenogenic Parasite

46
Q

Types of Parasites according to
Pathologic Locations

A
  1. Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
  2. Coprophillic Parasite
  3. Hematozoic Parasite
  4. Cytozoic Parasite
  5. Coelozoic Parasite
  6. Enterozoic Parasite
47
Q

A type of Parasite that passes digestive tract of humans without infecting them

A

Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite

48
Q

A type of Parasite that multiply in fecal matter outside the human body

A

Coprophillic Parasite

49
Q

A type of Parasite that live inside the red blood cells

A

Hematozoic Parasite

50
Q

A type of Parasite that live inside the cells or tissues

A

Cytozoic Parasite

51
Q

A type of Parasite that live in body cavities

A

Coelozoic Parasite

52
Q

A type of Parasite that live in the intestine

A

Enterozoic Parasite

53
Q

Give an example of Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite

A

Entamoeba coli

54
Q

Give an example of Coprophillic Parasite

A

Amoeba

55
Q

Give an example of Hematozoic Parasite

A

Plasmodia

56
Q

Give an example of Cytozoic Parasite

A

Leishmania

57
Q

Give an example of of Coelozoic Parasite

A

Trichomonas tenax

58
Q

Give an example of Enterozoic Parasite

A

Taenia solium
Ascaris lumbricoides

59
Q

Types of Parasites according to Duration of Parasitism

A
  1. Permanent
  2. Temporary
  3. Intermittent
60
Q

A type of Parasite that remains on the host on almost their entire life

A

Permanent

61
Q

A type of Parasite that lives in human for a short period of time

A

Temporary

62
Q

A type of Parasite that go to the body of the host to obtain nutrients

A

Intermittent

63
Q

Types of Vector

A
  1. Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
  2. Biological Vector
64
Q

A type of Vector wherein the parasite is only seen on the surface of this organism and there will be no development on the parasite

A

Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

65
Q

Examples of Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

A

Cockroaches
House Flies

66
Q

A type of Vector in which the parasite is seen inside the body of this organism and the parasite needs this organism for its development

A

Biological Vector

67
Q

Examples of Biological Vector

A

Mosquitoes
Tsetse Flies

68
Q

Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

Definitive Host

69
Q

Host that harbor adult forms of parasites; it is the final host.

A

Definitive Host

70
Q

Host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs

A

Intermediate Host

71
Q

Host that harbor early form of parasite

A

Intermediate Host

72
Q

Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and continues the life cycle of the parasite

A

Reservoir Host

73
Q

Type of host that can be an additional source of infection

A

Reservoir Host

74
Q

Host that harbors parasite that do not develop further into its final stage; no continuation of life cycle

A

Paratenic Host

75
Q

Type of Host in which the parasite is in its arrested state of development

A

Paratenic Host

76
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

A

Transport Host

77
Q

Parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

A

Carrier

78
Q

Factors to consider to be a Carrier

A
  1. If the immune system is still intact
  2. When the inoculation of parasites is few in numbers
79
Q

Types of Parasites according to Clinical Significance

A
  1. Diagnostic Stage
  2. Infective Stage
80
Q

Parasitic stage of development that is seen in clinical samples when examined in the laboratory

A

Diagnostic Stage

81
Q

Parasitic stage of development that is infectious or able to cause disease to the host upon exposure

A

Infective Stage

82
Q

Identify the Biological Relationship:

Living together; the association of two unlike living organisms

A

Symbiosis

83
Q

Identify the Biological Relationship:

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one and neutral to other

A

Commensalism

84
Q

Identify the Biological Relationship:

Association of two different species of organism that is beneficial to both

A

Mutualism

85
Q

Identify the Biological Relationship:

Association of two different species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense

A

Parasitism

86
Q

Types of Portals:

A
  1. Portal of Entry
  2. Portal of Exit
87
Q

Particular site of the body where the parasite prefer to enter.

A

Portal of Entry

88
Q

Site of the body where the parasite moves out

A

Portal of Exit

89
Q

What are the possible sites for Portal of Entry of Parasites?

A

Mouth
Skin
Percutaneous
Inhalation
Secretions
Sexually Transmitted

90
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Ingestion of contaminated food or drink (primarily water)

A

Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica
Cyst of Giardia lamblia

91
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Hand-to-mouth transfer

A

Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides
Eggs of Trichuris trichiura

92
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Insect bite

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugaria malayi

93
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Entering via drilling through the skin

A

Schistosoma sp.
Hookworm

94
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Unprotected sexual relations

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

95
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Mouth-to-mouth contact

A

Trichomonas tenax

96
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Eating raw or inadequately cooked foods

A

Echinostoma ilocanum (snails)
Capillaria philippinensis (fish)
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish)
Taenia saginata (beef)
Taena solium (pork)

97
Q

Give an example of Parasite according to their Sources of Infection:

Domestic animals

A

Dipylidium caninum (dog)
Hymenolepis diminuta (rat)

98
Q

A parasite life cycle consist of two common phases which are _____ and _____

A

Simple (one host)
Complex (one or more host)

99
Q

Components of Life Cycle of Parasites

A
  1. Mode of Transmission
  2. Morphologic form that invaded humans (Infective Stage)
  3. Forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods (Diagnostic Stage)
100
Q

Individuals at risk for parasitic infection:

A
  • Individuals in underdeveloped areas and countries
  • Refugees
  • Immigrants
  • Visitors from foreign countries
  • Individuals who are immunocompromised
  • Individuals living in close quarters (e.g., prisons)
  • Children who attend day care centers
101
Q

Treatment for parasitic infection:

A
  • Anti-parasitic drugs
  • Chemotherapy
  • Surgical intervention
102
Q

Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

Drug Resistance

103
Q

Prevention for Parasitic Infection:

A
  • Sanitation
  • Development and implementation of parasite awareness (Education programs)
  • Use of insecticides and other chemicals
  • Use of protective clothing/protective netting
  • Proper water treatment
  • Good personal hygiene
  • Proper handling, cooking, and protection of food
  • Avoidance of unprotected sexual relations

Clinical Parasitology Lecture (3 decks)

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