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Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 names used when naming a microbe? How are they written?

A 
•	Genus
o	First name
o	Always capitalized
•	Species
o	Second name, not capitalized
o	Also called specific epithet
•	Always italicized or underlined
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2
Q

Describe bacteria including different shapes, reproduction, and sources of nourishment

A

• Prokaryotes (pre nucleus), so no nucleus
• Unicellular
• Many shapes
o Bacillus – rod like
o Coccus – spherical or ovoid
o Spiral – corkscrew or curved
• Move via flagella
• Peptidoglycan
o Carb/protein complex making up most cell walls
• Binary fission
o Reproduction by dividing into 2 equal daughter cells
• Most survive on organic material via dead or living organisms
• Some use photosynthesis or inorganic substances

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3
Q

Describe archaea including different types

A 
•	Prokaryotes, so no nucleus
•	Often no cell walls, if they do, they lack peptidoglycans
•	Methanogens
o	Produce methane during respiration
•	Extreme halophiles
o	Live in very salty environments
•	Extreme thermophiles
o	Live in hot sulfurous water
•	Not known to cause disease
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4
Q

Describe fungi including reproduction and sources of nourishment

A
  • Eukaryotes, so distinct nucleus
  • Uni or multicellular
  • Chitin makes up cell walls
  • Includes yeast and molds
  • Reproduce sexually and asexually
  • Nourished by organic material
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5
Q

Describe protozoa including how they move and how they reproduce

A
  • Unicellular eukaryotes
  • Move via flagella, cilia, or pseudopods (false feet)
  • May be free entities or parasites
  • May be photosynthetic
  • May reproduce sexually or asexually
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6
Q

Describe algae

A
  • Generally unicellular
  • Photosynthetic eukaryotes
  • Cell walls of cellulose
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7
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • Acellular (not cells)
  • Core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
  • May have an envelope of lipid membrane
  • Only reproduce by using other cells machinery
  • May be considered parasites or nonliving
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8
Q

Describe multicellular animal parasites

A

• Not strictly microorganisms
• Helminths
o Roundworms and flatworms collectively

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9
Q

Describe Robert Hook’s contribution to microbiology

A

Robert Hook – 1665

• Discovered cells with crude microscope

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10
Q

Describe Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to microbiology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek – 1673
• Observed living microorganisms on homemade microscope
• Made detailed drawings of bacteria and protozoa

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11
Q

Describe Francesco Redi’s contribution to microbiology

A

Francesco Redi – 1668
• Disproved spontaneous generation of large organisms
He was the meat in jars guy

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12
Q

Describe John Needham’s contribution to microbiology

A

John Needham – 1745

• Tried to prove spontaneous generation of microorganisms

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13
Q

Describe Lazzaro Spallanzani’s contribution to microbiology

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani – 1765
• Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
• Highly criticized and many still believed it

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14
Q

Describe Edward Jenner’s contribution to microbiology

A

Edward Jenner – 1805

• Developed inoculation from small pox using cow pox

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15
Q

Describe Rudolf Virchow’s contribution to microbiology

A

Rudolf Virchow – 1858
• Biogenesis
o Hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells
• No proof however so people still believed in spontaneous generation

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16
Q

Describe Louis Pasteur’s contribution to microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur – 1861
• Proved microbes in the air contaminated living matter
• Demonstrated microbes can be killed by heat
o Became the basis for aseptic techniques
• Developed pasteurization

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17
Q

Describe Joseph Lister’s contribution to microbiology

A

Joseph Lister – 1860
• Applied germ theory to medical procedures
• Used phenol to clean surgical wounds to kill microbes

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18
Q

Describe Robert Koch’s contribution to microbiology

A

Robert Koch – 1876
• Proved bacteria actually cause disease
• Developed Kock’s postulates
o Sequence of experimental steps required to relate a microbe for a disease
• Developed vaccines based on Edward Jenner’s work

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19
Q

Describe Paul Ehrlich’s contribution to microbiology

A

Paul Ehrlich – 1910

• Developed salvarsan, a chemical containing arsenic that kills syphilis

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20
Q

Describe Alexander Fleming’s contribution to microbiology

A

Alexander Fleming – 1928

• Discovered Penicillin, an antibiotic produced by a fungus

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21
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

o Study of bacteria

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22
Q

What is parasitology?

A

Study of parasites

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23
Q

What is mycology?

A

Study of fungi

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24
Q

What is immunology

A

Study of immunity

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25
Q

What is virology?

A

Study of viruses

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26
Q

What is microbial genetics?

A

Study of mechanisms organisms use to inherit traits

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27
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Study of how genetic information is held in DNA

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28
Q

What is genomics?

A

Study of an organism’s genes

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29
Q

What is microbial ecology?

A

Study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment

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30
Q

What are interferons?

A

o Substances generated by bodies immune system

o Inhibits replication of viruses

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31
Q

What is conjugation?

A

o Process of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another

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32
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

o Hybrid of bacterium and human genes that code for proteins
o Allows bacteria to make large amounts of the needed protein

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33
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

o Use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant

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34
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

o Use of microbes in practical applications

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35
Q

What is genet therapy?

A

o Inserting a missing or defective gene into human cells

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36
Q

What is resistance?

A

• Ability to ward off disease

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37
Q

What is biofilm?

A

• Aggregation of microbes that attach to each other and some (usually) solid surface

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38
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A
  • Pathogens invade susceptible host

* Part of its life cycle occurs inside the host usually resulting in disease

39
Q

What are EIDs?

A 
Emerging Infectious Disease (EIDs)
•	New or changing diseases with increased potential for incidence in the near future
•	May be due to 
o	Microbial evolution
o	Geographic changes
o	Areas undergoing ecologic changes
•	Includes Zika, HINI, etc.
40
Q

How did the spontaneous generation come about?

A

People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure, maggots coming out of dead animals, and microorganisms appearing in liquids after a day or two

41
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of pests

A

Certain microorganisms cause diseases in insects. Microorganisms that kill insects can be effective biological control agents because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment

42
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of recycling elements

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are required for all living organisms. Microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release CO2 into the atmosphere, which plants use. Some bacteria can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that plants and other microorganisms can use

43
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of normal microbiota

A

Normal microbiota are organisms that are found in and on the human body. They do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial

44
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of sewage treatment

A

Organic matter in sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate, and other inorganic compounds in a wastewater treatment plant

45
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of human insulin production

A

Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria. These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively

46
Q

Briefly state the role microorganisms play in biological control of vaccine production

A

Microorganisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically modified to produce components of vaccines

47
Q

Into which fields of microbiology would the scientists who studies biodegradation of toxic wastes best fit?

A

Biotechnology and microbial ecology

48
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies the causative agent of Ebola virus disease best fit?

A

Virology

49
Q

Into which fields of microbiology would the scientists who studies the production of human proteins by bacteria best fit?

A

Biotechnology, microbial genetics and microbial physiology

50
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies the symptoms of AIDS best fit?

A

Immunology

51
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies the production of toxin by E. coli best fit?

A

microbial physiology

52
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies biodegradation of pollutants best fit?

A

microbial ecology

53
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies gene therapy for a disease best fit?

A

molecular biology

54
Q

Into which field of microbiology would the scientists who studies the fungus Candida albicans best fit?

A

Mycology

55
Q

What type of microorganism is not composed of cells?

A

Viruses

56
Q

What type of microorganism is the cell wall made of chitin

A

fungi

57
Q

What type of microorganism is the cell wall made of peptidoglycan?

A

Bacteria

58
Q

What type of microorganism is the cell wall made of cellulose and is photosynthetic?

A

Algae

59
Q

What type of microorganism is unicellular with a complex cell structure lacking a cell wall?

A

Protozoa

60
Q

What type of microorganism is made of multicellular animals?

A

Helminths

61
Q

What type of microorganism is a prokaryote without a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

Archea

62
Q

What was the contribution of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty to microbiology?

A

Proved that DNA is the hereditary material

63
Q

What was the contribution of Beadle and Tatum to microbiology?

A

Showed that genes code for enzymes

64
Q

What was the contribution of Berg to microbiology?

A

Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA

65
Q

What was the contribution of Iwanowski to microbiology?

A

Observed that viruses are filterable material

66
Q

What was the contribution of Jacob and Monod to microbiology?

A

Discovered how DNA controls protein synthesis in a cell

67
Q

What was the contribution of Lancefield to microbiology?

A

Proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

68
Q

What was the contribution of Lederberg and Tatum to microbiology?

A

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

69
Q

What was the contribution of Stanley to microbiology?

A

First to characterize a virus

70
Q

What was the contribution of Weizman to microbiology?

A

Used bacteria to produce acetone

71
Q

Is it possible to purchase Bacillus thuringiensis in a retail store and why would you buy it?

A

Yes, its sold as a biological insecticide

72
Q

Is it possible to purchase Saccharomyces in a retail store and why would you buy it?

A

Yes, it is yeast

73
Q

What type of microorganisms has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has DNA that is not contained in a nucleus, and has flagella?

A

Bacterium

74
Q

Where did airborne microbes end up in Pasteur’s experiment?

A

In the downward curve of the tubing

75
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?

a) are prokaryotic
b) have peptidoglycan cell walls
c) have the same shape
d) grow by binary fission
e) have the ability to move

A

C

76
Q

Which of the following is the most important element of Koch’s germ theory of disease? The animal shows disease symptoms when

a) the animal has been in contact with a sick animal
b) the animal has a lowered resistance
c) a microorganism is observed in the animal
d) a microorganism is inoculated into the animal
e) microorganisms can be cultured from the animal

A

D

77
Q

Recombinant DNA is

a) DNA in the bacteria
b) the study of how genes work
c) the DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed
d) the use of bacteria in the production of foods
e) the production of proteins by genes

A

C

78
Q

Which of the following statements is the best definition of biogenesis?

a) nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms
b) living cells can only arise from preexisting cells
c) a vital force is necessary for life
d) air is necessary for living organisms
e) microorganisms can be generated from nonliving matter

A

B

79
Q

Which of the following is beneficial activity of microorganisms?

a) some microorganisms are used as food for humans
b) some microorganisms use carbon dioxide
c) some microorganisms provide nitrogen for plant growth
d) some microorganisms are used in sewage treatment processes
e) all of the above

A

E

80
Q

It has been said that bacteria are essential for the existence of life on Earth. Which of the following is the essential function performed by bacteria?

a) control insect populations
b) directly provide food for humans
c) decompose organic material to recycle elements
d) cause disease
e) produce human hormones such as insulin

A

C

81
Q

Which of the following is an example of bioremediation?

a) application of oil-degrading bacteria to an oil spill
b) application of bacteria to a crop to prevent frost damage
c) fixation of gaseous nitrogen into usable nitrogen
d) production of bacteria of a human protein such as interferon
e) all of the above

A

A

82
Q

Spallanzani’s conclusion about spontaneous generation was challenged because Antoine Lavoisier had just shown that oxygen was the vital component of air. Which of the following statements is true?

a) all life requires air
b) only disease-causing organisms require air
c) some microbes do not require air
d) Pasteur kept air out of his biogenesis experiments
e) Lavoisier was mistaken

A

C

83
Q

Which of the following statements about E. coli is false?

a) it was the first disease-causing bacterium identified by Koch
b) it is part of the normal microbiome of humans
c) it is beneficial in human intestines
d) it gets nutrients from intestinal contents
e) none of the above

A

A

84
Q

Describe prions

A
  • Infectious proteins
  • Do not contain a nucleic acid
  • Cause infectious disease such as spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow disease)
85
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

• The manner in which a disease develops

86
Q

What is virulence?

A

• The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism

87
Q

Who was the first to construct simple microscopes?

a. Koch
b. van Leeuwenhoek
c. Pasteur
d. Hooke

A

B

88
Q

Who proved that microorganisms cause disease?

a. Koch
b. Pasteur
c. Hooke
d. van Leeuwenkoek

A

A

89
Q

Which scientist finally settled the spontaneous generation controversy?

a. Pasteur
b. Koch
c. Jenner
d. Leeuwenhoek

A

A

90
Q

Microbiology is the study of the following:

a. bacteria only
b. bacteria and viruses
c. bacteria, fungus, and viruses
d. any organism which has a microscopic stage of life

A

D

91
Q

Mycology is the study of which of the following groups of organisms?

a. Fungi
b. Insects
c. Viruses
d. Bacteria

A

A

92
Q

What are cells that do not have a nucleus known as?

a. Plants
b. Animals
c. Bacteria
d. Viruses

A

C

93
Q

The criteria used to relate a specific microbe to a specific infectious disease were established by:

a. Pasteur
b. Semmelweis
c. Lister
d. Koch

A

D

Microbiology (7 decks)

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