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A-Level Organic Chemistry AQA (Paper 2) > Introduction To Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is general formula?

A

•An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds.

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2
Q

What is empirical formula? (2)

A
  • The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (cancel down the numbers if possible).
  • E.g. Ethane, C2H6 has the empirical formula of CH3.
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3
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

•The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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4
Q

What is structural formula? (2)

A
  • Shows the atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups.
  • E.g. Butan-1-ol: CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
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5
Q

What is skeletal formula? (3)

A
  • Shows all the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups.
  • The hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown.
  • This is useful for drawing large, complicated structures like cyclic hydrocarbons.
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6
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

•Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them.

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7
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

•The study of carbon compounds.

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8
Q

What is the last shell called?

A

•Valance shell.

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

•A shared pair of electrons.

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10
Q

What is a lone pair?

A

•A pair of electrons not involved in a bond.

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11
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

•Compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon.

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12
Q

What do hydrocarbons further divide into? (3)

A
  • Aliphatic.
  • Alicyclic.
  • Aromatic.
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13
Q

What is aliphatic?

A

•Long chains of hydrocarbons.

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14
Q

What is alicyclic?

A

•Rings of carbon.

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15
Q

What is aromatic?

A

•Delocalisation occurs in the hydrocarbon (3 bonds per carbon).

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16
Q

How many bonds does Carbon make?

A

•4 covalent bonds.

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17
Q

What is a homologous series? (2)

A
  • A group of compounds that contain the same functional group.
  • Represented by the same general formula.
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18
Q

What are functional groups?

A

•Atoms that react in a certain way.

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19
Q

How does each successive member of a homologous series differ?

A

•By having an extra -CH2- in the molecule.

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20
Q

Name the first four alkanes. (4)

A
  • Methane.
  • Ethane.
  • Propane.
  • Butane.
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21
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

•CnH2n+2

22
Q

How do you name branched chain alkanes/organic compounds using the IUPAC rules? (5)

A
  • Name the main chain (longest chain of carbons).
  • Name the side chain: methyl, ethyl, propyl…
  • Side chain + main chain e.g. Methyl ethane.
  • Number where the side chain is added to the main chain (the lowest it can be).
  • Use hyphens to separate the names and numbers.
23
Q

What are isomers?

A

•Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently.

24
Q

When two or more side chains are present…

A

•List them in alphabetical order.

25
Q

When two or more of the same carbon side chains/functional groups are present…

A

•Use the prefixes: di-, tri-, tetra-…

26
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

•Molecules of the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula.

27
Q

What are the different types of isomers? (3)

A
  • Chain.
  • Position.
  • Functional group.
28
Q

What are chain isomers? (3)

A
  • They have the same formula, but a different carbon chain.
  • They have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton.
  • Some are straight chains and others branched in different ways.
29
Q

What are position isomers? (2)

A
  • They have the same skeleton and same atoms or groups of atoms attached- the same carbon skeleton.
  • The position of the group changes, it is attached to a different carbon atom/important groups are moved around the skeleton.
30
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

•They have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups.

31
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

•They have the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement in space.

32
Q

What do double bonds spatially provide? (3)

A
  • Carbon atoms in a C=C double bond and atoms bonded to these carbons all lie in the same place (planar).
  • They prevent atoms from rotating around them like they do in single bonds.
  • They are fairly rigid and don’t bend much.
33
Q

What does the restricted rotation around the C=C bond cause?

A

•E/Z isomerism.

34
Q

What is Z-isomerism? (2)

A
  • Zusammen.

* When the same groups either both above of both below the double bond (the same groups are on the same side).

35
Q

What is E-isomerism? (2)

A
  • Entgegan.

* When the same groups are positioned across/diagonal to the double bond.

36
Q

What is needed for geometric/stereoisomerism to occur? (2)

A
  • There must be a double bond.

* Both carbons joined by the double bond must have two different groups attached. (Two different sets)

37
Q

What shows E/Z isomerism?

A

•Alkenes.

38
Q

What does the double bond in alkenes do? (2)

A
  • Restricts motion.
  • Both of the double-bonded carbons have different atoms or groups attached to them, the arrangement gives stereoisomerism.
39
Q

What happens when the C=C bond is surrounded by four different groups? (2)

A
  • It still has E/Z isomerism.

* You use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules.

40
Q

How do you use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority rules to identify an E/Z isomer? (5)

A
  • 1). Assign a priority to the two atoms attached to each carbon in the double bond.
  • 2). Look at the atoms directly bonded to each of the C=C carbon atoms, the atom with the higher atomic number (Z) is given the higher priority
  • 3). To work out which E/Z isomer you have, look at how the higher priority groups are arranged.
  • E-isomer- the two highest priority groups are opposite, positioned across the double bond.
  • Z-isomer- the two highest priority groups are on the same side (below or above the double bond).
41
Q

Is 1-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoro-ethene an E or Z isomer? (3)

A
  • Atoms directly attached to carbon-2: fluorine (Z=9), hydrogen (Z= 1), fluorine has the priority.
  • Atoms directly attached to carbon-1: bromine (Z=35), chlorine (Z = 17), bromine has the priority.
  • Br and F are positioned across the double bond = E-isomer or can be Z.
42
Q

What happens when the atoms directly bonded to carbon are the same?
Use 1-bromo-1-chloro-2-methylbut-1-ene (7)

A
  • Look at the next atom in the groups.
  • In the molecule, the atoms connected to carbon-2 are both carbon, so go along the chain.
  • The methyl carbon is joined to hydrogen (Z=1).
  • The first ethyl carbon is joined to another carbon (Z=6).
  • The ethyl group has a higher priority.
  • Atoms attached to carbon-1 are bromine (Z=35) and chlorine (Z=17), bromine has the highest priority.
  • Priorities are below the double bond = Z-isomer.
43
Q

What are the two chain or positional isomers of C3H7Br? (Draw them, page 133 of revision guide) (2)

A
  • 1-bromopropane.

* 2-bromopropane.

44
Q

Draw the two stereoisomers of but-2-ene.

A

•(See revision guide page 133).

45
Q

How come what looks like an isomer might not be one?

A

•Due to the C-C single bonds or the entire molecule rotating.

46
Q

What are haloalkanes? (3)

A
  • Also known as halogenoalkanes.
  • Group 7, the halogens (atoms), halides (ions).
  • Compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by a halogen atom.
47
Q

How do you name haloalkanes? (5)

A
  • By naming the alkane then adding the halogen atom. Halogen + alkane
  • Use numbers to show where the halogen is (if isomers exist).
  • Make sure the number is as low as possible and halogens are listed alphabetically.
  • Use di, tri, tetra…
  • E.g. fluro, bromo, choro, ido.
48
Q

What is the primary (1°) haloalkane?

A

•Carbon joined to the halogen is only attached to one other alkyl group.

49
Q

What is the secondary (2°) haloalkane?

A

•Carbon joined to the halogen is only attached to two other alkyl group.

50
Q

What is the tertiary (3°) haloalkane?

A

•Carbon joined to the halogen is only attached to three other alkyl group.

51
Q

When naming compounds with functional groups what is the priority from highest to the lowest? (10)

A
  • Carboxylic acid.
  • Ester.
  • Acyl chloride.
  • Nitrate.
  • Aldehyde.
  • Ketone.
  • Alcohol.
  • Amine.
  • Alkene.
  • Halogenoalkane.

A-Level Organic Chemistry AQA (Paper 2) (17 decks)

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