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Introduction to Biomedicine > Investigation, Monitoring and Diagnosis of Disease > Flashcards

Investigation, Monitoring and Diagnosis of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A
  • proteins (7%)
  • water (92%)
  • other solutes (1%)
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2
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • platelets
  • leukocytes
  • erythrocytes
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3
Q

What proteins are in blood plasma?

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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4
Q

What are the 5 other solutes in blood plasma?

A
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • waste products
  • gases
  • regulatory substances
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5
Q

What are the 5 different leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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6
Q

What is the function of water in the blood plasma?

A

Maintains blood volume and transports molecules

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7
Q

What is the source of water in the blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from the intestine

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8
Q

What is the function of albumins in blood plasma?

A

Maintain blood volume and pressure and transport

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9
Q

What is the source of albumins in blood plasma?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

Clotting

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11
Q

What is the source of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

Liver

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12
Q

What is the function of globulins in blood plasma?

A

Transport and fighting infection

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13
Q

What is the source of globulins in blood plasma?

A

Liver and plasma cells

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14
Q

What is the function of salts in blood plasma?

A

Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH and aiding metabolism

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15
Q

What is the source of salts in blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from intestinal villi

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16
Q

What is the function of oxygen in the blood plasma?

A

Cellular respiration

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17
Q

What is the source of oxygen in the blood plasma?

A

Lungs

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18
Q

What is the function of carbon dioxide in blood plasma?

A

End product of metabolism

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19
Q

What is the source of carbon dioxide in blood plasma?

A

Tissues

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20
Q

What 3 nutrients can be found in blood plasma?

A
  • fats
  • glucose
  • amino acids
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21
Q

What is the function of nutrients in the blood plasma?

A

Food for cells

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22
Q

What is the source of nutrients in blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from intestinal villi

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23
Q

What is the primary point exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillary

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24
Q

What is HE stain?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

- used for medical diagnosis; stains basophilic structures blue-purple and eosinophilic structures pink

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25
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Leukocytes that contain coloured granules

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26
Q

Which 3 leukocytes are granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
27
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Leukocytes that lack coloured granules

28
Q

Which 2 leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

29
Q

Which 2 illnesses show an increase in lymphocytes?

A
  • tuberculosis

- whooping cough

30
Q

Which type of infections show an increase in eosinophils?

A

Parasitic infections

31
Q

Which 3 illness show an increase in monocytes?

A
  • typhoid fever
  • malaria
  • mononucleosis
32
Q

Which illness shows too few T helper cells?

A

AIDS

33
Q

What are stem cells in the bone marrow an important precursor for?

A

Many formed components in the blood

34
Q

What 3 points characterise a stem cell?

A
  • divides indefinitely
  • replaces itself at each division
  • is capable of generating all of its derivative cell types
35
Q

What are the 5 things a full blood count measures?

A
  • number of white cells, red cells, platelets
  • classifies white blood cells
  • calculates red cell volume to give indication of size of red cells
  • haemoglobin (Hb)
  • red cell parameters
36
Q

Name the 7 routine tests used in haematology

A
  • full blood count (FBC)
  • erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • reticulocytes count
  • blood film
  • malaria parasites
  • cerebrospinal fluid cell count
  • bone marrow stain
37
Q

What is blood morphology?

A

The study of the structure, number, and size of cells

38
Q

How is morphology carried out?

A

Blood cells are spread one cell thick on a glass slide, stained, and examined under a microscope

39
Q

Give the 4 reasons why a morphology slide might need to be looked at

A
  • examination of the film will correct a misleading indication given by the blood counter
  • failed historical or clinical data checks
  • mandatory requirement for a film to be examined
  • clinical request is made
40
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
41
Q

How does flow cytometry work?

A
  1. Cells/particles pass through a flow cell in single file
  2. Illuminated via a laser
  3. Side scatter is used to look at granularity and forward scatter is red to look at size
  4. The fluorescence is measured
42
Q

Give 2 examples of why flow cytometry might be used

A
  • to detect specific antigens on white blood cells

- to diagnose and monitor disease

43
Q

What are the 3 main subsystems of flow cytometry?

A
  • fluidics
  • optics
  • electronics
44
Q

What does fluidics consist of in flow cytometry?

A

Introducing and focusing the cells for interrogation

45
Q

What does optics consist of in flow cytometry?

A

Generating and collecting light signals

46
Q

What does electronics consist of in flow cytometry?

A

Converting the optical signals to proportional digital signals, process the signals, and communicate with the computer

47
Q

What are the two types of optics?

A
  • excitation optics

- collection optics

48
Q

What does excitation optics consist of?

A
  • lasers

- fibre optic cables that carry beams to steering prisms, which then direct laser beams to the fluid stream

49
Q

What does collection optics consist of?

A
  • fibre optic cables that direct the emitted light to the appropriate emission block
  • filters that direct the signals in the emission block to the appropriate photomultiplier tube
50
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The making of red blood cells

51
Q

What are the 6 substances needed for erythropoiesis?

A
  • bone marrow microenvironment
  • growth factors
  • metals (iron, manganese, cobalt and zinc)
  • vitamins (B12, folate, vitamins: C, E, and B, thiamine, riboflavin)
  • amino acids
  • hormones (thyroxine, androgens)
52
Q

What are the 2 sources of iron?

A
  • breakdown of red blood cells

- diet

53
Q

How is iron recycled from red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells broken down by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The iron is recycled and returned to bone marrow

54
Q

What is the main source of dietary iron?

A

Meat

55
Q

How is iron transported to the bone marrow?

A

By transferrin

56
Q

What two things can excess iron be stored as?

A
  • ferritin

- haemosiderin

57
Q

Give 5 reasons for iron deficiency

A
  • blood loss
  • poor diet
  • gut malabsorption
  • increased demand e.g. pregnancy
  • anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
58
Q

Give 4 symptoms of anaemia

A
  • angular stomatitis (swollen, red patches in the corners on the outside of lips)
  • painless glossitis (inflammation of the tongue )
  • koilonychia (spoon nails)
  • unusual food cravings
59
Q

How is vitamin B12 synthesised?

A

By microorganisms

60
Q

What is the source of vitamin B12?

A

Foods of animal origin

61
Q

Give 3 causes of B12 deficiency

A
  • pernicious anaemia
  • diet e.g. vegans
  • gut malabsorption
62
Q

Give 4 causes of folate deficiency

A
  • diet
  • gut malabsorption
  • increased demand e.g. pregnancy
  • liver disease/alcohol
63
Q

Give 8 symptoms of B12 deficiency

A
  • anaemia
  • angular stomatitis
  • painful glossitis
  • cardiovascular disease
  • subacute combined degeneration cord
  • peripheral neuropathy e.g. tingly feet, poor balance
  • psychiatric symptoms
  • optic atrophy

Introduction to Biomedicine (3 decks)

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