ISSA Section 6: Fitness For All

Question 1

sedentary:

Answer 1

Characterized by much sitting and little physical activity that might produce significant fitness benefits.

Question 2

infirmity:

Answer 2

Physical or mental weakness.

Question 3

For our purposes, older adults will be divided into three categories:

Answer 3

. Category 1: 55-to-65-years-of-age. May participate in most moderate weight training routines, with only slight modifications (for joint problems, decreased ROM, and any cardiovascular abnormalities).

. Category 2: 65-to-80-years-of-age. Modify programs based on medical recommendations, ROM limitations, signs of fatigue, muscle weakness, and joint pain.

. Category 3: 80-years-of-age and above. Closely monitor, set low-exertion levels, and emphasize individual muscle group strength, overall posture, strength enhancement and avoiding injury.

Question 4

coronary heart disease:

Answer 4

Atherosclerosis (a condition where the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery) of the coronary arteries.

Question 5

arrhythmia:

Answer 5

Any abnormal rhythm of the heartbeat. Since some causes of arrhythmia may have serious health consequences, exerciserS experiencing irregular heartbeats should be referred for medical evaluation.

Question 6

hypertension:

Answer 6

Persistent high blood pressure. Readings

as low as 140190 millimetres of mercury is considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities

Question 7

myocarditis:

Answer 7

inflammation of the heart muscle.

Question 8

thrombosis:

Answer 8

Local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system.

Question 9

valvular heart disease:

Answer 9

Any disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left and the pulmonary and tricuspid valves on the right).

Question 10

pacemaker:

Answer 10

An artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.

Question 11

cyanotic congestive heart disease:

Answer 11

Refers to a group of many different heart defects that are present at birth that result in a low blood oxygen level.

Question 12

Marfan Syndrome:

Answer 12

An inherited disorder that affects connective tissue.

Question 13

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

Answer 13

A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.

Question 14

hypokalemia:

Answer 14

Deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream.

Question 15

myxedema:

Answer 15

Swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with underactive thyroid glands

Question 16

thyrotoxicosis:

Answer 16

Also known as hyperthyroidism. A condition resulting from excessive concentrations of thyroid hormones in the body.

Question 17

Q-T syndrome:

Answer 17

A rare inherited or acquired heart condition in which delayed repolarization of the heart following a heartbeat increases the risk of episodes of torsades de pointes.

Question 18

rehabilitation:

Answer 18

A branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities.

Question 19

adaptive physical fitness (APF):

Answer 19

The development and implementing of carefully designed physical fitness programming for individuals with various disabilities, to provide those individuals with the skills necessary for a lifetime of increased health, recreation, motor functioning, etc. to enhance physical fitness and
general wellness.

Question 20

psychomotor:

Answer 20

Of or relating to the origination of movement in conscious mental activity.

Question 21

disuse syndrome:

Answer 21

Deterioration of body systems as a result of prescribed or unavoidable inactivity.

Question 22

handicap:

Answer 22

A circumstance that makes progress or success difficult.

Question 23

disability:

Answer 23

A physical or mental condition that limits an individual’s movements, senses, or activities.

Question 24

impairment:

Answer 24

The state or fact of being impaired, especially in a specified faculty.

Question 25

Osgood Schlatter's disease:

Answer 25

Inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity. It is characterized by a painful lump just below the knee and is most often seen in young adolescents.

Question 26

hypertension:

Answer 26

Persistent high blood pressure. Readings as low as 140/90 millimeters of mercury are considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities.

Question 27

atherosclerosis:

Answer 27

A very common form of arteriosclerosis in which the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery.

Question 28

stroke:

Answer 28

Occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 29

diabetes:

Answer 29

A metabolic disease in which the body's inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 30

insulin:

Answer 30

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

Question 31

glucose:

Answer 31

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

Question 32

Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent):

Answer 32

A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.

Question 33

Type ll diabetes (noninsulin-dependent):

Answer 33

A chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body's important source of fuel.

Question 34

hyperglycemia:

Answer 34

An excess of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.

Question 35

gangrene:

Answer 35

Localized death and decomposition of body tissue, resulting from either obstructed circulation or bacterial infection.

Question 36

retinopathy:

Answer 36

The disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision.

Question 37

anhidrosis:

Answer 37

A failure of the sweating mechanism.

Question 38

arthritis:

Answer 38

inflammation of the joints which causes pain, stiffness, and limitation of motion. Maybe symptomatic of a systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, which can affect all age groups.

Question 39

Lyme disease:

Answer 39

An inflammatory disease characterized at first by a rash, headache, fever, and chills, and later by possible arthritis and neurological and cardiac disorders caused by bacteria that are transmitted by ticks.

Question 40

osteoarthritis:

Answer 40

A noninflammatory joint disease of older persons. The cartilage in the joint wears down and there is bone growth at the edges of the joints. Results in pain and stiffness, especially after prolonged exercise.

Question 41

heart disease:

Answer 41

Generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke.

Question 42

stroke:

Answer 42

Occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 43

coronary heart disease:

Answer 43

Atherosclerosis (a condition where the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery) of the coronary arteries.

Question 44

hypertension:

Answer 44

Persistent high blood pressure. Readings as low as 140/90 millimetres of mercury are considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities.

Question 45

hypercholesterolemia:

Answer 45

An excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Question 46

phlebitis:

Answer 46

The inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs. It most commonly occurs in superficial veins. Phlebitis often occurs in coniunction with thrombosis and is then called "thrombophlebitis" or "superficial thrombophlebitis"

Question 47

palpitations:

Answer 47

A perceived abnormality of the heartbeat characterized by awareness of heart muscle contractions in the chest: hard beats, fast beats, irregular beats, and pauses.

Question 48

asthma:

Answer 48

A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and typically results from an allergic reaction to other forms of hypersensitivity.

Question 49

bronchospasm:

Answer 49

Spasm of bronchial smooth muscle producing a narrowing of the bronchi.

Question 50

hyperventilation:

Answer 50

A condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very quickly.

Question 51

sports medicine:

Answer 51

An area of medical practice concerned with the treatment of iniuries resultinq from athletic activities.

Question 52

intrinsic factors:

Answer 52

A glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B l 2 in the small intestine.

Question 53

extrinsic factors:

Answer 53

Variables that you are unable to control to prevent yourself from an injury or ailment.

Question 54

somatotype:

Answer 54

A category to which people are assigned according to the extent to which their bodily physique conforms to a basic type (usually endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic).

Question 55

diathermy:

Answer 55

A medical and surgical technique involving the production of heat in a part of the body by high-frequency electric currents, to stimulate the circulation, relieve pain, destroy unhealthy tissue, or cause bleeding vessels to clot.

Question 56

electrostimulation:

Answer 56

Shocks of electricity administered in nonconvulsive doses.

Question 57

cryotherapy:

Answer 57

The application of cold to body tissues for the purpose of pain relief and decreased swelling.

Question 58

heat therapy:

Answer 58

The use of heat as a means of therapeutic modalities, such as for pain relief and health.

Question 59

ultrasound:

Answer 59

Sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency, particularly as used in medical imaging.

Question 60

hydrotherapy:

Answer 60

The use of water as a therapy.

Question 61

cryokinetics:

Answer 61

A rehabilitation technique involving ice application followed by progressive active exercises.

Question 62

leg elevation:

Answer 62

Elevation of the legs for recuperative purposes. For greatest effectiveness, elevate the legs for about 20 minutes, keeping them perpendicular to the floor while lying on the back.

Question 63

inflammation:

Answer 63

Body's local response to injury. Acute inflammation is characterized by pain, with heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Uncontrolled swelling may cause further damage to tissues at the injury site.

Question 64

vertebral joint fixation:

Answer 64

A neurosurgical procedure in which two or more vertebrae are anchored to each other through a synthetic "vertebral fixation device," with the aim of reducing vertebral mobility and thus avoiding possible damage to the spinal cord and/or spinal roots.

Question 65

Impingement:

Answer 65

Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (a tendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.

Question 66

strain:

Answer 66

Stretching or tearing of a musculotendinous unit. Degrees of severity include firstdegree, stretching of the unit; second-degree, partial tearing of the unit; third-degree, comPlete disruption of the unit.

Question 67

sprain:

Answer 67

Stretching or tearing of ligaments. Severity ratings of sprains are first-degree, stretching and partial tearing; second-degree: larger yet incomplete tearing; third-degree, complete tearing.

Question 68

adhesive capsulitis:

Answer 68

Extreme stiffness or immobility in the shoulder joint, usually the following injury and caused by the adhesions in the joint and inflammation of the capsule of the humerus.

Question 69

ROS (Repetltlve Overuse Syndrome):

Answer 69

Usually defined as work and/or activity related symptoms caused by repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression (impact on hard surfaces), sustained or awkward poses and excessive use of the body, and results from improper muscle balance around the joints.

Question 70

aspirin therapy:

Answer 70

Oral, over-the-counter pain relievers (ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and Acetaminophen) may also help to reduce pain symptoms and even inflammation in the affected area. But due to the risk of side effects, it is not advised that they are taken for more than a few consecutive weeks.

Question 71

corticosteroids:

Answer 71

A class of chemicals that include the steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.

Question 72

proliferative-injection therapy:

Answer 72

Treatment of tissue with the injection of an irritant solution into a joint space, weakened ligament or tendon insertion to relieve pain.

Question 73

chondromalacia:

Answer 73

The degeneration of cartilage.

Question 74

patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS):

Answer 74

Pain in the front of the knee that frequently occurs in teenagers, manual laborers, and athletes. lt sometimes is caused by wearing down, roughening, or softening of the cartilage under the kneecap.

Question 75

locked knee:

Answer 75

A disorder of the knee joint that prevents the leg from being fully extended, usually resulting from damage to the semilunar cartilage.

Question 76

crepitus:

Answer 76

A grating sound or the sensation produced by friction between the bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone.

Question 77

Chain of Survival:

Answer 77

1. Early Access 2. Early CPR 3. EarlyDefibrillation 4. Early Advanced Care

Question 78

The Primary Survey

Answer 78

Remembering the necessary steps of the primary survey is as easy as remembering your A, B, Cs. These initial steps of checking the (A) airway, (B) breathing, and (C) circulation (pulse), together with a check for major bleeding constitute the primary survey, which looks for life-threatening conditions!

Question 79

Good Samaritan Law

Answer 79

The Good Samaritan Law has been adopted by many states in America. The general approach of this kind of statute is to exempt an individual from liability who is helping another in an emergency situation. Under these statutes, the helping person cannot be sued for additional injuries caused during the rescue attemPt even if it is less than perfect.

Question 80

First Aid for bleeding is intended to:

Answer 80

1. Stop the bleeding 2. Prevent infection 3. Prevent shock

Question 81

Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding are:

Answer 81

. bruised, swollen, tender, or rigid abdomen . bruises on chest or signs of fractured ribs . blood in vomit . wounds that have penetrated the chest or abdomen . bleeding from the rectum or vagina . abnormal pulse and difficulty breathing . cool, moist skin

Question 82

IMPORTANT:

Answer 82

Once pressure is applied, keep it in place. If dressings become soaked with blood, apply new dressings over the old dressings. The less a bleeding wound is disturbed, the easier it will be to stop the bleeding.

Question 83

The RICE principle is what emergency medicine professionals use to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with an athletic injury, it stands for:

Answer 83

R: REST: Make sure the person is in a safe location, keeping any movement to a minimum. l: ICE: Apply ice or cold pack to the injured area. This is usually done in 20-minute intervals for several hours following the injury or until medical attention can be received. C: COMPRESSION: Wrap the injured area with clothing or bandage, applying a fair amount of tension to the affected body part. E: ELEVATION: Elevate the injured body part above the level of the heart. ln the case of an ankle, have the person lie on their back and rest their foot up on a chair or table.

Question 84

Insulin Reaction (or insulin Shock)

Answer 84

This condition occurs when there is too much insulin in the body. This condition rapidly reduces the level of sugar in the blood and brain cells suffer. Insulin reaction can be caused by taking too much medication, failing to eat, heavy exercise, and emotional factors.