Joints Flashcards
Art.Temporomandibularis
Condylar joint
O: caput mandibulare
I: os temporale (rostr: tub.articulare, middle: fossa mandibularis, caud: proc.RA)
- Ligaments: lig.laterale (strengthening), lig.caudale: be proc.RA + base of proc.coronoideus (not in ca,sus)
- Mvms: opening + closing, lateral (grinding)
- Incongruent joint: discus articularis => divides joint cavity into 2: dorsal + ventral
Art.Atlantooccipitalis
2 ellipsoidal joints
Bw cranial articular fovea (atlas) + 2 occipital condyles
- Ligaments: ligg.lateralia (M surf of proc.paracondylaris -> ala atlantis), Membrana atlantooccipitalis dors/ventr (strengthening)
- Mvms: flexion, extension
Art.Atlantoaxialis
Pivot joint
Bw dens of axis + fovea dentis of atlas and caudal articular surf of atlas + cranial of axis
- Ligaments: membrana atlantoaxiale (strengthening), lig.interspinale, lig.atlantoaxiale (tub.ventralis of atlas -> crista ventr of axis), lig.longitudinale (dens of axis -> occipital bone, only ru+eq), ligg.alaria (dens -> arch of atlas-Eq, occipital condyles-Ca, ventral border of for.magnum-sus), lig.transversarium (dens -> spans out on atlas, only in ca,sus).
- Mvm: rotation
Art.of cervical vertebrae
Plane joints
Bw caudal art.surface of one -> cranial art.surface of the next
- Short ligaments: ligg.flava (connect arches, elastic sheets), ligg.interspinalia, ligg.intertransversaria
- Long ligaments: lig.longitudinale dors (dens -> sacrum, floor of canal, attached on the dorsal surf of vert bodies + intervertebral disc), lig.nuchae (from axis-dog / squamous occipital bone-eq,ru and cont as supraspinous lig -> sacrum, 2 parts-ru,eq + 1 part-ca, not in cat + su).
Art.of thoracic vertebrae
Same as cervical
- Long ligaments: + lig.longitudinale ventr (8-9 Th -> sacrum, attached on ventral surface of bodies + intervertebral discs).
Art.costovertebralis
- Art.capitis costae: spheroid joint
2 articular surf of the head of the rib + facets of adjacent vert. - Art.costotransversaria
Articular surf of costal tubercle + proc.transversus of Th vert of same serial number.
Ligaments: lig.tuberculi costae (reinforcement, transv.proc -> tub), lig.costotransversarium (proc.transv -> neck), lig.capitis costae radiatum (p.cran: ventral part of body of the preceding vert, p.caud: body of the same vert -> fuse ventr with joint capsule), lig.capitis costae intraarticulare (from the groove of the head -> intervertebral disc = long middle limb, preceeding vert = short cranial limb, vert of same number = short caudal limb)
Artt.Sternebrales
- Lig.sterni: caudal to the 1st pair of ribs -> xiphoid cartilage (not in ca)
- Membrana sterni: binds sternebrae together
Shoulder joint
Spheroidal joint, function -> hinge joint: flexion, extension
3 cran + 2 caud pouches
Bw cavitas glenoidale + caput humeri
- Ligaments: ligg.glenohumeralia M+L (strengthening), lig.transversum humeri (ca: bicipital groove- hold tendon in place), L + M collateral ligg (m.infraspinatus, m.subscapularis)
- Vagina synovialis bicipitalis: bicipital tendon when it’s fixed in the intertubercular groove
Shoulder joint
🔹Eq, Ru: Simple hinge joint: flexion + extension, no sideway mvms
Bw humeral condyles + fused radius/ulna
🔹Ca, Sus: Complex joint bw: humerus, radius, ulna
- Ligaments: L collateral lig (L epicondyle-humerus -> M epicondyle- radius: cran (R) + caud (U) parts, eq: ONLY cran), M collateral lig (M condyle-humerus -> cran=long on R, caud=short on M epicondyle of R), lig.olecrani (M epicondyle-humerus -> olecranon)
Carpal joint
Composite: bw antebrachial, carpal, accessory carpal + Mc bones (pg.168-170 Konig)
- Antebrachiocarpea: bw R + U + prox row of carpal bones (Eq: hinge, ru: cochlear, ca: ellipsoidal)
- Metacarpea: bw prox + dist row of carpal bones (complex, hinge)
- Carpometacarpea: bw distal row + Mc (amphiarthroses)
- Intercarpea: bw each individual (amphiarthroses)
- Carpi accessorii: bw accessori carpal bone + ulna (ca)/ L styloid proc (eq)
Ligaments:
- Collateral: ca-short (only prox.j), others-long (all 3 joints) => prox, middle, distal
L: proc.styloideus L (R) -> supf: L Mc bone, 2 deep: ulnar + C4
M: proc.styloideus M -> carpal + Mc bones (M aspect)
- Antebrachiocarpea: lig.radiocarpeum dors (ca,ru: R -> Cu), lig.radiocarpeum / ulnocarpae / carpi radiatum
- Intercarpea: lig.intercarpea dors (prox -> dist, NOT in horse), lig.intercarpea palmar, lig.intercarpea interossea (same/adjacent rows)
- Carpometacarpea: lig.carpometacarpea dors + palmaris: carpal -> Mc bones
- Ligg.of accessori carpal bones: lig.accessorioulnare (access -> L proc.styloideus), lig.accessoriocarpoulnare (Ca -> Cu), lig.accessoriometacarpeum, lig.accessorioquartale (-> C4 in eq,ru)
- Retinaculum flexorium + extensorium: Ca, bridge the sulcus carpi -> M aspect -> transv.lig => carpal canal
Fetlock joint
Hinge joint- no lateral “wobbling”
Bw trochlea of Mc + articular fossa on Ph1 + 2 art.surfaces of the 2 proximal SB
- Ligaments:
L/M collat ligg: depression on Mc3 -> tuberosity on Ph1
🔹Prox ses.ligg: medius interosseus/suspensory lig (dist carpals -> M + L limbs -> prox SB), ligg.metacarpointersesamoidea (Mc3 -> SB)
🔹Middle ses.ligg: ligg.pamaria (unites the 2 SB, => scutum prox of flexor tendons), L/M collateral ses ligg (M/L surf of SB + depression on Mc3/ tubercle on Ph1)
🔹Distal ses.ligg: m.interosseus (sides of SB -> blends with tendon of common extensor m: caud ->cr), lig.ses.rectum (base of SB -> supf branch: tuberosita flexoria on Ph2, deep branch: trigonum on Ph1), ligg.ses.obliqua (base of SB -> opposite side of trigonum), ligg.ses. cruciata (base of SB, cross each other -> opposite on Ph1), ligg.ses. brevia (base of SB -> palmar margin of Ph1)
Pastern joint
Saddle joint, mvms: flexion, extension, side also possible
Bw trochlea of Ph1 + prox articular surf of Ph2
- Ligaments: L + M collateral ligg (tuberosity + depression on Ph1 -> tuberosity on Ph2), lig.palmare axiale (palmar surf of Ph1 -> tuberositas flexoria on Ph2), lig.palmare abaxiale (middle of L/M border of Ph1 -> L part of tuberositas flexoria on Ph2)
- Scutum medium: axial ligg + straight ses.lig + palmar surf of Ph2, for passage of DDF
Coffin joint
Composite + saddle joint, mvms: flexion, extension, side also possible, dorsal (under common dig ext) + palmar (under DDF) pouches
Bw trochlea of Ph2 + saddle-shaped surface of Ph3 + articular surf of navicular bone
- Ligaments: L/M collateral ligg: depression on Ph2 -> Ph3
🔹of Navicular bone: lig.ses distale impar (distal margin of dSB -> palmar border of articular surf of Ph3, => scutum distale for DDF), lig.ses collaterale L/M (depression on Ph2 -> distopalmar direction -> axial surf of hoof -> os naviculare)
🔹of Hoof cartilage: ligg.chondroungulocompedalia L/M (dist end of Ph1 -> proximopalmar aspect of coffin bone), ligg.chondrocoronalia L/M (cartilages -> Ph2 + collateral ligg), ligg.chondroungularia collat L/M (angle on Ph3 -> distal border of hoof cartilage), ligg.chondroses L/M (sides of dSB -> axial surf of hoof cartilage), ligg.chondroungularia cruciata (axial surf of hoof cartilage -> angle of Ph3 on the opposite side), lig.chondropulvinale (axial surf of hoof cartilage -> digital torus)
Retinaculum flexorium
At the level of carpal joint: transv fibers on the palmar aspect act as a retention mechanism for flexor tendons (dorsal side = retinaculum extensorium)
Retinacula = reinforcements of digital fascia forming the dig sheat.
- Palmar aspect: lig.annulare palmare (surrounding flexor tendons), fetlock plate (cart.plate -> Ph1), ligg.anularia digiti (forming a “sock” around flexor tendons)
Bursa poditrochlearis: palmar aspect of Ph3
Sacroiliac joint
Amphiarthrosis, synovial joint, NO mvms (only parturition during labour)
Bw facies auricularis (iliac wing) + wing of sacrum => pelvic ring
- Ligaments:
🔹Ligg.sacroiliaca: ventralia (short, around joint capsule), interossea (suspensory lig, tuberositas iliaca -> dors surf on wing of sacrum), dorsalia (p.brevis: tuber sacrale -> proc.sp (eq,ru)/rudiments of mamillary proc (ca,sus), p.longa: medially from tuber sacralis -> L part of sacrum)
🔹Lig.sacrotuberale:
-ca: absent in cat, dog: bw proc.transv of last sacral + tuber ischiadica
-Ungulates = lig.sacrotuberale latum
Bo: L part of sacrum -> tuber ischiadica (tuberal portion, NO musculature -> fossa ischiorectalis) + spina ischiadica
Eq, sus: L part of sacrum + proc.transv of 1st caud -> caud free border (tuberal portion, ischiadic musculature) + spina ischiadica
