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Behavioral Sci (MCAT) > Kaplan Txtbk (mostly Ch.8-12) > Flashcards

Kaplan Txtbk (mostly Ch.8-12) Flashcards

1
Q

Social Facilitation

A

individuals tend to perform at a different level when others are around

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2
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in large groups (or due to other factors)

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3
Q

Bystander Effect

A

when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

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4
Q

Group Polarization

A

the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than any one individual would

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5
Q

Groupthink

A

the tendency of a group to make decisions based on the ideas that arise within the group, without considering outside ideas - may affect ethics b/c pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group

(the 8 factors that are indicative of group think are on p.299)

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture
- can be slowed by the creation of ethnic enclaves: locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

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7
Q

Multiculturalism

A

the encouragement of multiple cultures in a community - enhances diversity

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8
Q

Subcultures

A

a group of individuals within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
- can lead to the case of counterculture: when the subculture deliberately opposes the norms of the prevailing culture

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9
Q

Socialization

A

the process of developing and spreading norms (boundaries of acceptable behavior), customs, and beliefs - remember Primary vs. Secondary on p. 305

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10
Q

Stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on their perceived differences from the rest of society

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11
Q

Deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

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12
Q

Conformity vs. Compliance

A

Conformity (aka the majority influence) - changing beliefs/behaviors to fit into a group

Compliance - changing behavior based on the direct requests of others (remember the foot-in-the-door, the door-in-the-face, the lowball, and the that’s-not-all techniques)

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13
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory

A

there are 4 functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life

  • knowledge (knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior)
  • ego expression
  • adaptability (socially acceptable attitudes)
  • ego defense
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14
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration => central vs. peripheral (shallow) route processing

  • message characteristics
  • source characteristics
  • target characteristics (of the listener - especially important factor)
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15
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

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16
Q

the “real” self vs. the “ideal” self

A

who I am vs. who I want to be, respectively

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17
Q

Michelangelo phenomenon

A

the ideal self can be “sculpted” with help from others

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18
Q

Social Loafing

A

individuals tend to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

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19
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A
  • the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions - leads to a state of discomfort that can be minimized by changing or justifying actions/thoughts

identity shift effect: when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by the threat of social rejection, they change to conform to the norms of the group (the mechanism behind peer pressure)

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20
Q

remember the results/significance of the following:

a) Salmon Asch’s Conformity Exp.
b) Milgram Studies
c) Stanford Prison Exp.

A

a) tested individuals conformity to the opinions of a group - asked to compare lines
b) tested the extent to which average/every-day individuals would go to “just follow order” - teachers instructed by experimenter to shock learners - 65% shocked all the way

(the MCAT rarely asks about the names of experiments, but be able to apply the results of the experiment to a similar setup)

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21
Q

Labeling Theory

A

labels given to individuals affect not only how others respond to that person but also how they perceive themselves

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22
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

the degree to which one is surrounding by ideals which adhere to social norms vs. go against social norms
- deviance can be learned through intimate interactions with others

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23
Q

Strain Theory

A

an attempt to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect b/t social goals and the ability to achieve those goals within the social structure

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24
Q

Affective

A

relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes

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25
Q

Social Construction Model

A

emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions

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26
Q

Display Rules

A

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

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27
Q

Cultural Syndrome

A

a shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme such as language or geography

28
Q

5 Main Strategies Used in Impression Management

A
  1. Self-disclosure: sharing factual information
  2. Managing appearances: create a positive image
  3. Ingratiation: using flattery or conformity to win over someone else
  4. Aligning actions: using excuses to account for questionable behavior
  5. Alter-casting: imposing an identity onto another person
29
Q

Dramaturgical Approach

A

remember front stage vs. back stage

30
Q

4 Types of Attachment

A
  1. Secure attachment - requires a consistent caregiver
  2. Avoidant attachment - when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; child shows no preference for caregiver compared to strangers
  3. Ambivalent attachment - when a caregiver is inconsistent in responding to child’s distress; child will become distressed in caregiver’s absence and has mixed feelings about their return
  4. Disorganized attachment - caregiver is erratic or abusive; child shows no clear patter of behavior in response to caregiver
31
Q

Game Theory

A

attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
- evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) and the Hawk-Dove game - on pp.362-363

32
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

individuals make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

33
Q

Primacy Effect

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

First impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

34
Q

Recency Effect

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

The most recent information we gained about an individual is most important

35
Q

Reliance on Central Traits

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

The tendency to organize the traits of others based on which ones matter to you

36
Q

Halo Effect

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

When judgments of an individual’s character are affected by the overall impression of the individual

37
Q

Just-world Hypothesis/Phenomenon

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

The tendency to believe that good things happen to good people and vice versa

38
Q

Self-serving Bias

one of 6 cognitive biases that affect perception of others

A

Individuals view their own success as being based on internal factors and their own failures as being based on external factors

39
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the tendency of individuals to infer the causes of others’ behavior

  1. dispositional causes: internal/related to the individual whose behavior is being considered
  2. situational causes: external/related to the surroundings/social context
40
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

when an individual performs an unexpected behavior, we tend to explain it by dispositional attribution

41
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

when individuals make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution
(ex. optical illusions)

42
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of your own culture

43
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

the understanding that social groups and cultures should be studies on their own terms

44
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

A

individuals are more likely to respond aggressively when feeling negative emotions

45
Q

3 Types of Cues

A
  • Consistency cues: the more consistent an individual’s behavior, the more we associate that behavior with their motives
  • Consensus cues: if a person deviates from socially expected behavior, we tend to form a dispositional attribution
  • Distinctiveness cues: if a person’s behavior varies in different scenarios, we tend to form a situational attribution and vice versa
46
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

classifies stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions:

  • warmth: warm groups are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
  • competence: competent groups have high status within society
47
Q

Manifest vs. Latent Functions

A

Manifest functions - deliberate actions to help a system

Latent functions - unexpected or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

48
Q

Conflict Theory

A

focuses on how power differential are created and contribute to social order

49
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

the study of the ways individuals interact through words, gestures, and other symbols - studies micro level interactions

50
Q

Social Constructionism

A

the study of the ways individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a social reality

51
Q

Rational Choice Theory; Exchange Theory

A
  • individuals will make rational decisions that maximize benefits and minimize harm
  • exchange theory applies rational choice to within social groups - interaction b/t parties that implements a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits
    (note: these theories are problematized by concepts like altruism)
52
Q

4 Key Ethical Tenets of American Medicine

A
  1. Beneficence: acting in the patient’s best interest
  2. Nonmaleficence: avoiding treatments for which the risk > benefit (“do no harm”)
  3. Respect for the autonomy of the patient
  4. Justice: treating patients equally and distributing resources fairly
53
Q

Material vs. Symbolic Culture

A

Material - physical items

Symbolic - ideas associated with a cultural group

54
Q

Cultural Lag

A

the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

55
Q

Teacher Expectancy

A

the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

56
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

the exponential growth of a population can outpace the growth of resources and lead to social degradation and disorder

57
Q

Anomie

A
  • a state of normalessness (society provides little to no norms, values)
    leads to excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation
58
Q

Incidence

A

new cases of a disease per pop. at risk in a given period of time

59
Q

Second Sickness

A

the exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

60
Q

Marxist Theory

A

proposes that the proletariat (working-class) could overthrow the bourgeoisie (capitalists in power) by developing class consciousness - collective action as a result of the recognition of shared goals

61
Q

Plutocracy

A

instead of Meritocracy, the system is ruled by the upper class

62
Q

World System Theory

A

categorizes countries based on the division of labor at a global level (emphasizes inequality)

  1. core nations: high-skilled production
  2. peripheral nations: low-skilled production
  3. semi-peripheral nations: in between high and low
63
Q

Duplexity/Duplicity Theory of Vision

A

states that the retina contains 2 types of photoreceptors: those specialized for color detection AND those for light-and-dark detection

64
Q

Parvocellular Cells

A
  • detect SHAPE in visual processing
  • high color and spatial resolution; low temporal resolution
  • located in LGN of Thalamus
65
Q

Magnocellular Cells

A
  • detect MOTION in visual processing
  • high temporal resolution; low spatial resolution
  • located in LGN of Thalamus

Behavioral Sci (MCAT) (2 decks)

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