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Higher Biology Unit 1 - DNA and the Genome > Key Area 3: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Key Area 3: Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What are genes?

A

DNA sequences that code for particular proteins

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2
Q

What determines a cell’s phenotype?

A

The proteins which are synthesised when the genes are expressed.

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3
Q

What is translation?

A

Amino acids come together at the ribosome where they form a polypeptide chain.

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4
Q

What types of RNA are involved in transcription and translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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5
Q

What is the transcription and translation of DNA sequences involved in?

A

Gene expression

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6
Q

How many strands are in RNA?

A

One.

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7
Q

What is RNA made from?

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.

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9
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA copies the code from the DNA and carries it to the ribosomes where they are joined together.

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10
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA is found in the cytoplasm and become attached to specific amino acids, bringing them to the ribosomes where they are joined together.

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11
Q

What is rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA forms a complex with protein molecules to make the ribosome.

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12
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process which the DNA is used to produce an RNA moleule called a primary transcript.

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13
Q

What are introns and exons?

A

Human genes that have been divided into coding and non-coding elements. Introns are non coding and exons are coding.

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14
Q

Are introns or exons more useful?

A

exons

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15
Q

Why are exons more useful?

A

They are coding, so they carry the information needed for protein synthesis.

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16
Q

What is the first stage of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, unwinding the double helix

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17
Q

What is the second stage of transcription?

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases break, separating the two DNA strands.

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18
Q

What is the third stage of transcription?

A

Free RNA nucleotides bond with the complementary base pairs on the DNA

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19
Q

What is the fourth stage of transcription?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases

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20
Q

What is the fifth stage of transcription?

A

Strong bonds form between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the ribose sugar of the adjacent nucleotides.

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21
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases.

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22
Q

What enzyme synthesises a primary mRNA transcript from RNA nucleotides?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

What does non-coding mean?

A

A section of transcribed DNA which does not contain the information required to produce a protein

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24
Q

What happens to the introns?

A

They are removed from the primary mRNA transcript.

25
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

The removal of introns and splicing of exons.

26
Q

Is the order of exons changed during RNA splicing?

A

No.

27
Q

What is the name given to modified mRNA after splicing?

A

Mature mRNA Transcript.

28
Q

What happens to the mature mRNA transcript?

A

It passes out of the uncleus via a pore in the nuclear membrane, into the cytoplasm.

29
Q

What is translation?

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide chain using mRNA as the code for the amino acid sequence.

30
Q

What is involved in the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide at a ribosome?

A

tRNA

31
Q

Where does translation begin?

A

At a start codon.

32
Q

Where does translation end?

A

At a stop codon.

33
Q

What is the first stage of translation?

A

A ribosome binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA template at the mRNA’s start codon.

34
Q

What is the second stage of translation?

A

A tRNA molecule picks up its appropriate amino acid from the cytoplasm.

35
Q

What is the third stage of translation?

A

The tRNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome and becomes attached by hydrogen bonds between its anticodon and the start codon

36
Q

What is the fourth stage of translation?

A

Another amino acid will then be brought to the ribosome by tRNA.

37
Q

What is the fifth stage of translation?

A

When the first two amino acid molecules are next to each other they join by a peptide bond.

38
Q

What is the sixth stage of translation?

A

The process is repeated many times, thus translating the mRNA into a complete polypeptide chain.

39
Q

What is the seventh stage of translation?

A

When a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide.

40
Q

What provides the energy for translation?

A

ATP

41
Q

Where is tRNA found?

A

The cytoplasm

42
Q

What are the 2 significant sides of tRNA?

A

The anticodon and the attachment site

43
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A triplet of bases at one end of the tRNA.

44
Q

What does an anticodon correspond to?

A

A particular amino acid, carried by the tRNA at its attachment site.

45
Q

What does the anticodon form weak hydrogen bonds with?

A

the corresponding codon on the mRNA.

46
Q

How do anticodons bond to codons?

A

By complimentary base pairing

47
Q

What do anticodons do with codons when they have bonded?

A

Translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.

48
Q

What joins amino acids after anticodons bond to codons?

A

Peptide bonds

49
Q

What happens after the polypeptide is formed?

A

Each tRNA leaves the ribosome.

50
Q

Can different proteins be expressed from one gene?

A

Yes.

51
Q

Can different mature mRNA transcripts be produced from the same primary transcript?

A

Yes, depending on which exons are retained.

52
Q

What can be included or excluded from the mature mRNA transcript?

A

Different exons of a gene.

53
Q

What links amino acids to form polypeptides?

A

Peptide bonds

54
Q

How does a polypeptide chain form the 3-dimentional shape of a protein?

A

They fold.

55
Q

What holds a protein together?

A

Hydrogen bonds and other interactions between other individual amino acids.

56
Q

What determines the functions of proteins?

A

Their shape

57
Q

What determines the phenotype?

A

the proteins produced as a result of gene expression. Also environmental factors.

58
Q

Where can proteins be found?

A

Connective tissue, bone and muscle.

59
Q

What are the roles of proteins?

A

To act as enzymes, structural proteins, hormones, and antibodies.

Higher Biology Unit 1 - DNA and the Genome (8 decks)

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