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pathology/ pathophysiology > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Age ranges for pts with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL:child, CLL: adult >60; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 45-85

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5
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohns)

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Artherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorium destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan syndrome

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9
Q

Aortic dissection

A

HTN

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10
Q

Atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (B1 deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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11
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell disease (Hb S)

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12
Q

Bacteria assc with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

A

H pylori

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S pneumoniae

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14
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B strep/ E coli/ Listeria (newborns); S pneumoniae/ N meningitidis (kids/teens)

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15
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet cells)

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16
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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17
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

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18
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum); Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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19
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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20
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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21
Q

Breast tumor (benign, young woman)

A

Fibroadenoma

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22
Q

Cardiac primary tumor in kids

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Marantic/ thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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24
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)

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25
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari I malformation

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26
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Afib (assc. with high risk of emboli)

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27
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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28
Q

Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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33
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency/ congenital hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (corticosteroid therapy); Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease); Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetrology of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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37
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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38
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

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39
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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40
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

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41
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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42
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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43
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

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44
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S aureus, B cereus

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45
Q

Gastric cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

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46
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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47
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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48
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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49
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug use)

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50
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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51
Q

Hematoma- epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauam; lentiform shaped)

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52
Q

Hematoma- subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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53
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

54
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (assc with HBV and HCV and with alcoholism)

55
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

56
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

57
Q

HLA-B27

A

Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-assc arthritis, reactive arthritis

58
Q

HLA-DR3

A

DM type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

59
Q

HLA-DR4

A

DM type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also assc. w/ HLA-DR5), Addison disease

60
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

61
Q

Hypercoaguability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

62
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism

63
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

64
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

65
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

HCV

66
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S aureus, E coli, aspergillus (catalase +)

67
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

68
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium= radiopaque; Struvite (ammonium)= radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms eg Klebsiella, Proteus and S saprophyticus); uric acid= radiolucent; cysteine= radiolucent

69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L–> R becomes R–> L)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/ polycythemia)

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

72
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

73
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

Leukemia, brain tumors

74
Q

Metastasis to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney

75
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

76
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

77
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

78
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in males and females but only passed through females

79
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

80
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

81
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

82
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Membranous nephropathy

84
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

85
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric G- rods

86
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

87
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral valve stenosis

88
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

89
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S aureus (most common overall)

90
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

91
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus

92
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

93
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

94
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

95
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

96
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia and gonorrhea

97
Q

Philadelphia chromosome/ t[9;22] / BCR-Abl

A

CML

98
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

99
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic

100
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

101
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

102
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

103
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

104
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A

Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease, lung disease (eg COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg obstructive sleep apnea), thromboembolic (eg, PE)

105
Q

Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly assc with tobacco)

106
Q

Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), assc. with MEN1

107
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: assc. w/ vHL and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

108
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

109
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mital regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

110
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

111
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

112
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhea)

113
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

114
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

115
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

116
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

117
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome- CML

118
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

119
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

120
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increased placental ALP

121
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

122
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

123
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

124
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma

125
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

126
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

127
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

128
Q

UTI

A

E coli, S saprophyticus (young women)

129
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)

130
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

131
Q

Vitamin deficiency

A

Folate (pregnant women at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

pathology/ pathophysiology (5 decks)

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