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BIOLOGY 🌱 paper 1 > key concepts > Flashcards

key concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 examples of an eukaryotic cell

A

animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Name a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

-It contains DNA coding for a protein needed to build new cells

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4
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

-Where chemical reactions occur
-Contains enzymes (biological catalysts)
-organelles are found in it

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5
Q

What’s the function of cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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6
Q

What’s the function of mitochondria?

A

It’s where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell

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7
Q

What’s the function of Ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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8
Q

What’s the function of chloroplasts?

A

-Where photosynthesis takes place (providing food for the plant)
-Contains chlorophyll ( harvests the light needed for photosynthesis)

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9
Q

What’s the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

-Contains cell sap
-Improves cell’s rigidity

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10
Q

What makes a sperm cell specialised?

A
  1. The acrosome (head) has digestive enzymes which break down layers of egg cell membrane
    2.long tail to help swim
    3.loads of mitochondria so it’s got energy
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11
Q

Why is an egg cell specialised?

A
  1. to accept a single sperm cell to develop
    2.large size allows quick division as embryo grows
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12
Q

Why are root hair cells specialised?

A

1.Take up water by osmosis
2.Take mineral ions by active transport
3.large surface area bc of hairs so more water

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13
Q

Xylem cells:

A

waterproofed by lignin so water isn’t lost through the villain osmosis

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14
Q

Phloem cells:

A

Has sieve plates to allow movement of substances (not drugs) from cell to cell
Gets it’s energy from the dealer (neighbouring cells)

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15
Q

MICROSCOPES : what’s the equation for magnification of a light microscope?

A

mag of the eyepiece lens x mag of objective lens

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16
Q

Where is the objective lens?

A

Closest to the object

17
Q

How do you calculate the size of an object?

A

size of image/magnification

18
Q

Example : what is 1.5 x 10^-5

A

0.00005 (5 zeros all together)

19
Q

Example : what is 1.5 x 10^3

A

1500 (trade the decimal for a zero)

20
Q

How do you prepare a microscope?

A
  1. place the slide of the stage and look through eyepiece
    2.turn the focus wheel to obtain a clear image
    3.increase mag to the objective lens and refocus
21
Q

How do you calculate the magnification?

A

measured size/ actual size
total magnification = objective lens mag x eyepiece lens mag

22
Q

What’s the lock and key hypothesis?

A

the shape of the substrate is complimentary to the shape of the active site

23
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins (require optimum pH and temp & substrate concentration)

24
Q

What will happen to the enzymes when it gets too hot?

A

the bonds that hold the enzyme together will break, changes the shape of the active site, the enzymes denature

25
Q

What will happen to the enzyme if the pH is too high or low?

A

The forces that hold amino acid chains will be affected , change the shape of active site, denature

26
Q

how to calculate rate?

A

change / time

27
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

starch into sugar

28
Q

What does protease break down?

A

proteins into amino acids

29
Q

What does lipase break down?

A

lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

30
Q

What do you use to find starch?

A

iodine solution
-If starch is present the colour will change from orange to blue-black

31
Q

What do you use to find reducing sugars ?

A

Benedict’s solution
-If there is reducing sugar the colour will change from blue to reddish-brown

32
Q

what do you use to find protein?

A

buiret test
-add the potassium hydroxide to the food sample, blah blah colour change if present = blue to violet

33
Q

How do you find lipids?

A

Ethanol
-white layer at the top of the sample will form if present (cloudy)

34
Q

CORE PRACTICAL : osmosis in potatoes.

A
  1. cut potato into small disks of equal size
    2.remove excess water by using tissue paper
    3.measure the initial mass of each disk
    4.place them into sucrose solution in diff concentrations
    5.record new mass
    6.find difference in mass
35
Q

CORE PRACTICAL: osmosis in potatoes.
What is the independent variable?

A

the concentration of the sucrose solution

36
Q

CORE PRACTICAL: osmosis in potatoes.
What is the dependent variable?

A

the change in mass of the potato disks

37
Q

CORE PRACTICAL: osmosis in potatoes.
What is the control variable?

A

the diameter/size of the disks

38
Q

why does a calorimeter have a lid? (2)

A

So heat is not lost as much and it helps the experiment become more accurate

39
Q

Why is stirring the water in the calorimeter important?

A

to evenly spread out he temperature

BIOLOGY 🌱 paper 1 (8 decks)

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