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Biology > Key Concepts > Flashcards

Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Complex: animal and plant cells

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2
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Small & simple: bacteria

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material
Controls the activities of the cell
Genetic material arranged into chromosomes

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance
Chemical reactions happen
Contains enzymes

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together

Controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where most of the reactions for respiration happen

Powerhouse of the cell

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in translation of genetic material in protein synthesis

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose
Supports cell and strengthens it
(Plants)

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9
Q

Large vacuole

A

Contains cell sap
Weak solution of sugar and salts
Internal pressure to support cell
(Plants)

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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs
Makes bait for the plant
Contain chlorophyll
(Plants)

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11
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

Controls cells activities & replication
Floats free in cytoplasm
(Bacterial)

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12
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Small loops of extra DNA
Genes for drug resistance
(Bacterial)

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13
Q

Flagellum

A

Long hair like structure
Rotated to make bacterium move
Move bacteria away from harmful substances

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14
Q

What are the 2 cells used in sexual reproduction?

A

Egg cell

Sperm cell

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15
Q

What’s the main function of the egg cell?

A

Carry the females DNA and to nourish the developing embryo in early stages

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16
Q

Why is there nutrient in the cytoplasm of an egg cell?

A

To feed the embryo

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17
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that only contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell

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18
Q

What happens in the egg cell straight after fertilisation?

A

It’s membrane changes structure to stop any more sperm getting in.
Therefore the offspring gets the right amount of DNA

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19
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

A

Transport the males DNA to the females egg

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20
Q

Why does a sperm cell have a long tail?

A

So it can swim to the egg

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21
Q

Why does a sperm cell have a lot of mitochondria in the middle section?

A

To provide the energy needed to swim this distance

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22
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

The front of the head of a sperm cell where it stores enzymes to digest it’s way through the membrane of the egg cell

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23
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

Lining the surfaces of organs

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24
Q

What is cilia

A

Hair like structures

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25
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue

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26
Q

How do you work out magnification

A

Image size ➗ real size

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27
Q

How do you calculate total magnification?

A

Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

28
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts produced by living things

29
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.

30
Q

What type of catalyst is an enzymes found in living things?

A

Biological catalysts

31
Q

Why do enzymes have special shapes

A

So they can catalyse reactions

32
Q

What do chemical reactions usually involve?

A

Being split apart or joined together

33
Q

What is a substrate

A

The molecule changed in a reaction

34
Q

What is an active site?

A

The prt where the enzyme joins on to its substrate to catalyse the reaction

35
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism?

A

The substrate must fit into the active site and if it doesn’t, the reaction won’t be catalysed. If it fits I’m looks like how a key fits into a lock.

36
Q

What can affect the rate of reaction for enzymes

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration

37
Q

What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?

A

The enzyme has become too hot/ too high/low pH
The bonds holding the enzyme together have broken
The active site of the enzyme has changed
Substrate no longer fits

38
Q

What is an optimum temperature/pH

A

What temperature/pH the enzyme works best at

39
Q

What happens if there is a high substrate concentration?

A

The reaction will be faster

40
Q

How do you calculate the rate if reaction

A

1000/time

41
Q

Why is it important organisms can break down big molecules?

A

So they can be used for growth and other life processes

42
Q

What do plants store energy in the form of?

A

Starch

43
Q

What happens when plants need energy?

A

Enzymes break down starch into smaller molecules (sugar)

44
Q

Carbohydrases covert

A

Carbohydrates into simple sugars

Starch amylase ➡️ maltose and other sugars

45
Q

Protease convert

A

Proteins into amino acids

Proteins protease enzymes ➡️ amino acids

46
Q

Lipases convert

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipid lipase enzymes ➡️ glycerol and fatty acids

47
Q

How are carbohydrates synthesised

A

By joining together simple sugars

48
Q

How are proteins made

A

By joining amino acids together

49
Q

How do you test for sugars

A

Using Benedict’s Reagent

50
Q

If there’s sugar what colour will Benedict’s reagent turn to

A

Blue ➡️ Red

51
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

52
Q

What happens to iodine solution if starch is present

A

It changes from browny orange to dark blue-black colour

53
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

The emulsion test

54
Q

What is the substance used to test for lipids

A

Ethanol

55
Q

What happens if lipids are present when mixed with ethanol?

A

The liquid will go milky when shook

56
Q

What is the proteins test?

A

The biuret test

57
Q

What do you add to the substance to test for proteins

A

Potassium hydroxide

Copper surface

58
Q

What colour will the solution turn in the biuret test if protein is present

A

Blue ➡️ purple

59
Q

How do you test to see how much energy bait contains?

A

Burn it (calorimetry)

60
Q

How do you calculate energy in food?

A

Mass of water x temperature change in water x 4.2

61
Q

How do you work out how much energy per grams of food there is

A

Energy in food/ mass of food

62
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

63
Q

What size molecules can be diffused through cell membranes

A

Small

64
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

65
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with small holes

66
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration.

67
Q

How do you investigate osmosis

A

By putting potato cylinders into different concentrations of sucrose solution to see what effect different water concentrations have on them

Biology (2 decks)

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