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Ireland > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Leinster

A

One of the counties of Ireland in 1170 - containing Dublin

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2
Q

Ulster

A

A province of Ireland - the larger part of this is today’s Northern Ireland, and is still within the United Kingdom

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3
Q

New Model Army

A

The parliamentary army as remodelled by Cromwell in 1645

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4
Q

William of Orange

A

A Dutch Protestant Priest married to James II’s Protestant daughter - Mary

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5
Q

Anglican Church of Ireland

A

Established as the State Church in Ireland by Henry VIII

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6
Q

Roman Catholic Empancipation

A

Prior to this 1829 Act, the Parliamentary Oath of Allegiance required MPs or peers to make statements disavowing fundamental Roman Catholic beliefs in order to sit in the Commons or Lords

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7
Q

Nationalist

A

A person who seeks to promote the interests of a particular nation

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8
Q

Whigs

A

A political party that had always been more sympathetic to reform and tolerance in Ireland - but which had been largely excluded from government before 1830

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9
Q

Tory

A

A member of the Conservative Party

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10
Q

Disestablish

A

To deprive a Church of established status and official government support

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11
Q

Disendow

A

To take away the endowments (funds and property) of an Established Church

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12
Q

Unionists

A

Those people who wanted the political union between Great Britain and Ireland - as set up by the 1800 Act of Union - to continue

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13
Q

Coalition Government

A

Government composed of different groups of political parties

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14
Q

Home Rule plus ‘exclusion’

A

The policy of excluding Ulster from a self-governing Ireland

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15
Q

Revisionist

A

A historian who has significantly ‘revised’ or challenged the previously accepted view of a particular historical question

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16
Q

Jacobite rebellions

A

A series of military campaigns attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the throne. A Jacobite was a supporter of James II of England or of the Stuart pretenders after 1688

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17
Q

Penal Laws

A

The body of discriminatory and oppressive legislation directed against Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists

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18
Q

Irish Dessenters

A

Protestants who disagreed with the teachings of the Church of Ireland

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19
Q

Established Church

A

A Church that is constitutionally and legally recognised as the official Church of the nation

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20
Q

Tithe

A

All landholders irrespective of their religion had to pay and annual tithe (or religious tax) to the Church of Ireland of 10% of the value of the agricultural produce of their land

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21
Q

Legislature

A

The body which has the power to pass laws. In a democracy this is an elected parliament

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22
Q

Executive

A

The top-level part of a government which makes the key decisions on policy - in the UK this is the Cabinet, which comprises of the Prime Minister and other leading government ministers

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23
Q

Patronage system

A

The award and distribution of favours

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24
Q

Ulster Presbyterians

A

The largest Protestant group in Ireland - of Scots-Irish descent

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25
Q

Militant

A

Engaged in violence as part of a struggle for the achievement of a political goal

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26
Q

Reactionary

A

Resistant to any form of progressive change

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27
Q

Secretarian

A

Part of an extreme religious movement

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28
Q

Loyalist

A

Supporter of the British government

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29
Q

Yeomanry

A

Volunteer regiments

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30
Q

Martial Law

A

Rule by military authorities, imposed on a civilian population - especially in a time of war or when civil authority has broken down

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31
Q

‘Scorched earth’ policy

A

Burning any land, crops, or trees so as to leave nothing salvageable to the enemy

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32
Q

Irish republican nationalism

A

The desire for the establishment of an Irish Republic

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33
Q

Scottish Union

A

Scotland had been united with England in 1707

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34
Q

Laity

A

The main body of Church members who do not belong to the clergy

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35
Q

Spiritual lords

A

High-ranking churchmen such as bishops

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36
Q

Temporal lords

A

Peers of the Realm with the right to sit in the House of Lords. In descending order of seniority these are:
Dukes
Marquises
Earls
Viscounts
Barons

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37
Q

Clontarf

A

A battle won by Brian Boru, High King of Ireland in 1014 - against a joint force of Vikings and Irish rebels

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38
Q

Benburb

A

A battle won by Owen Roe O’Neill - commanding forces of the Irish Confederacy, which supported Charles I in the Civil War. He defeated forces from Scotland that invaded Ulster with the intention of purging Roman Catholicism and imposing Presbyterianism on Ireland in 1646

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39
Q

Agrarian

A

Rural (usually but not always) and agricultural

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40
Q

Hanoverian dynasty

A

The English royal house that reigned from 1714 to 1901 (from George I to Victoria)

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41
Q

Brinkmanship

A

The policy of seeking advantage by creating the impression that one is willing and able to push a dangerous situation to the limit rather than to concede

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42
Q

Demagogue

A

A popular orator who appeals to the passions and prejudices of his audience

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43
Q

40-shilling freeholders

A

Those who possessed a ‘freehold’ (a property held for life or in unconditional inheritance) worth at least 40-shilligns a year in rental value - entitled them to vote

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44
Q

Test and Corporations Acts

A

Acts of 1661 and 1673 excluding Roman Catholics, Protestant Dissenters, and followers of Judaism and other faiths from public office

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45
Q

President of the Board of Trade

A

The title of a position in the government that was sometimes given Cabinet status and sometimes not. It is now a secondary title of the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry

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46
Q

Transubstantiation

A

The belief that during the Roman Catholic Mass the bread and wine of the sacrament are literally transformed into the body and blood of Christ, rather than the Anglican belief that this is a symbolic transformation

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47
Q

Invocation of saints

A

The belief that saints can be prayed to in order that they may intercede with God on behalf of the person praying. The Anglican Church does not agree with the Roman Catholic view of this and some other Protestant Churches completely reject this idea

48
Q

£10 household suffrage

A

The vote to the male head of every household possessing £10 a year or more

49
Q

Tithe war

A

Violent resistance to paying the tithe that lasted from 1831-38

50
Q

See

A

A bishop’s official seat or area of authority

51
Q

Sequestration clauses

A

Parts of the Irish Church Act that authorised the seizure of Church property

52
Q

Young Ireland

A

Radical Irish nationalist movement founded by Irish intellectuals in 1841. It promoted the study of Irish history, the Irish language, Irish national ideas and independence. Its belief in violent agitation led it to break way from O’Connell in 1846

53
Q

Anti-Corn Law League

A

Organisation formed in 1839 to work for the repeal of the English Corn Laws. The Corn Laws, which regulated the grain trade and restricted imports of grain, were repealed in 1846, although in reality this was not solely due to the campaign of the League

54
Q

Non-denominational

A

Not aligned to any of denomination of the Christian Church

55
Q

Interdenominational

A

With the participation of various religious denominations

56
Q

Doctrinaire

A

Committed to carry principles to their extremes without compromise - in this case the cause for an independent Ireland

57
Q

Extra-parliamentary

A

Political methods that go outside politics. Direct action and civil disobedience are examples of extra-parliamentary tactics

58
Q

Blight

A

General term for any sudden and severe crop disease

59
Q

Land tenure

A

The manner in which land was owned by an individual, who was said to ‘hold’ the land

60
Q

Cottier

A

An Irish tenant holding land

61
Q

Migratory workers

A

People who move from one area to another in search of work

62
Q

Underemployment

A

The condition of having too large a part of the labour force unemployed due to the demand for employment being less than the supply of labour available for work

63
Q

Cash crop

A

A crop grown for sale rather than for feeding the producer’s livestock or family

64
Q

Irish Board of Works

A

Established in 1831 to carry out public works schemes such as road building

65
Q

Laissez-faire

A

An approach where the government avoids intervening in economic and social matters, allowing market forces to operate freely

66
Q

Price mechanism

A

The process of supply and demand by which markets set prices. When supply outstripped demand prices would naturally fall, and in reverse, prices would increase with limited supplies

67
Q

Subsistence-level wages

A

The minimum amount needed to provide for the necessities in life in order to survive

68
Q

Labour Rate Act

A

Passed in 1846 - this Act stated that Irish hunger relief and work creation schemes were to be funded from Irish local taxation

69
Q

Dispensary

A

A place where medical care and medicines are available

70
Q

Poor Law Unions

A

After 1838, workhouses in Ireland were administered locally by groups or unions of electoral divisions

71
Q

Pastoral farming

A

Rearing of livestock rather than growing crops

72
Q

Tillage

A

The cultivation of land for raising crops

73
Q

Mixed farming

A

The use of a single farm for multiple purposes, such as the growing of crops and the raising of livestock

74
Q

Chartist movement

A

The Chartists took their name from the ‘People’s Charter’, drafted in 1838. The Charter made six demands:
1. Votes for all men
2. Equal electoral districts
3. Abolition of property qualifications for MPs
4. Payment for MPs
5. Annual general elections
6. Secret voting
It was presented in petitions to the House of Commons in 1839, 1842 and 1848 - and was rejected after each time. After 1848, the movement quickly declined

75
Q

Transport

A

To send abroad to a penal colony

76
Q

Political apathy

A

A lack of interest in or concern with politics

77
Q

New World

A

The American continent and associated Caribbean island reached by Columbus in 1492

78
Q

Coffin ships

A

Ships that carried Irish immigrants escaping the effects of the famine. These ships, crowded and disease ridden, with poor access to food and water, resulted in the deaths of many people as they crossed the Atlantic

79
Q

‘Old Country’

A

The country of origin of an immigrant - in this case Ireland

80
Q

Fenian movement

A

Revolutionary society organised in 1858 in the USA and called the ‘Fenian Brotherhood’. Aiming to achieve Irish independence from England by force. Its counterpart in Ireland was officially known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) but the term Fenian became the umbrella term. The IRB was a forerunner of the Irish Republican Army, which emerged after the 1916 Easter Rising

81
Q

Male household suffrage

A

The principle that all men who owned or legally occupied as tenants any property should be entitled to vote regardless of the value of the property. The 1867 Act caused a debate over whether women householders should also be included - an idea that was rejected in parliament

82
Q

Nonconformist

A

Member of those Protestant Christian Churches who did not ‘conform’ to the teachings of the Anglican Church of England. Examples would be Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists

83
Q

Non-sectarian

A

Not limited to or associated with a particular religious denomination

84
Q

Obstruction

A

Causing a delay in the running of the business of parliament, usually by continuing talking at great length and organising a series of speakers to immediately replace each other and keep the delay going. Since the House of Commons operated on the premise that members were ‘gentlemen’ and would behave appropriately, there was no official procedure to deal with this abuse of the system

85
Q

Constitutional Nationalists

A

Nationalists who rejected the use of physical force as a means of achieving Home Rule. Instead, they supported means within the rule of law

86
Q

Three Fs

A

A series of demands issued by Irish nationalists in their campaign for land reform. The ‘Fs’ were fair rents, free sale and fixity of tenure

87
Q

Boycott

A

The word came into the language after Captain Boycott, a land agent in County Mayo, was isolated - without servants, mail delivery or service in shops - as a result of the Land League’s policies because he refused to charge lower rents and evicted tenants

88
Q

Guillotine

A

A parliamentary procedure whereby debate on specific clauses of a bill could be terminated

89
Q

Irish National Invincibles

A

A terrorist splinter group of the Irish Republican Brotherhood usually known simple as ‘the Invincibles’

90
Q

Linen cloth

A

A cool and very durable textile made from the fibres of the flax plant. Its manufacture is documented as far back as written records exist. When the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II - who died in 1213BC - was discovered in the 1880s, the linen wrappings were found to be perfectly preserved

91
Q

Anti-papal

A

Opposition to the Pope and/or Roman Catholicism more generally

92
Q

Orange card

A

Churchill was referring to the power and influence of the Orange Order in Ulster

93
Q

Devolution

A

A transfer of powers from central government to local government

94
Q

Sinn Féin

A

Gaelic term meaning ‘we,ourselves’. Sinn Féin was founded in 1905. Officially non-violent, it was quickly infiltrated by members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood

95
Q

People’s Budget

A

The main terms of the budget that the Lords objected to were that the standard rate of income tax was to be raised on annual incomes of up to £3000 and there would be a new ‘super tax’ on incomes over £3000 a year

96
Q

Partisan

A

Biased in support of a particular party - in this case the Conservatives

97
Q

Absolute veto

A

The ability to stop any law going through

98
Q

Militia

A

An army that is made up of civilian volunteers, as opposed to a professional army of regular, full-time soldiers

99
Q

JP

A

Justice of the peace - a local magistrate

100
Q

Irish volunteers

A

A militia force established to try and ensure the passing of the Home Rule Act

101
Q

Moratorium

A

A period of delay

102
Q

Partition

A

Division of a country into separate nations or separately governed regions

103
Q

Labour movement

A

The organisation of the working classes so that they can achieve better conditions

104
Q

Socialist Workers’ Republic

A

Political system where government in based on the principle of a socialist state controlled by the working classes

105
Q

Separatism

A

Principle of separating Ireland from Great Britain

106
Q

National rising

A

A revolt or revolution carried out with the support of a large part of the population of the country

107
Q

Internment

A

The practice of detaining persons considered dangerous during a war or a crisis

108
Q

Conscription Act of 1916

A

Men aged 18-41 were liable to be called up for service unless they were married, widowed with children, or else served in one of a number of reserved occupations considered vital to the war effort

109
Q

Reform Act of 1918

A

Granted the franchise to all men over 21 and to all women over 30

110
Q

Dáil Éireann

A

Irish parliament

111
Q

National self-determination

A

The idea that nations should have the right to govern themselves

112
Q

Proportional representation

A

An electoral system where the number of seats in parliament that a party gains is awarded in direct proportion to the number of votes it gets

113
Q

Blacks and Tans

A

The name given to the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, recruited mainly in Britain but also in Ireland to reinforce the Royal IRISH Constabulary. They wore uniforms mixing khaki army uniforms with the regular police uniforms to cover the shortage caused by the rapid recruitment

114
Q

Dominion Status

A

Granting to Ireland the same constitutional powers as belonged to Canada and other Dominions within the British Empire

115
Q

Plenipotentiaries

A

Representatives who have full power and authority to make agreements on behalf of their government

116
Q

Governor-general

A

The king’s representative, which corresponded to the old office of viceroy

Ireland (7 decks)

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