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ABS&C > KIDNEY > Flashcards

KIDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

2 do

A

R3: understand those slides with the big formula and changes due to it

know myogenic reflex & tubuloglomerular feedback in more detail

need to look at summary slide in CA&P lecture, understand the effect of all those regulators

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2
Q

What is the indent in the side of the kidney called?

A

hilus

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3
Q

Which animal has veins running along the fibrous capsule of a kidney?

A

cat

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4
Q

abdominal artery —> renal artery—> _____ _____—>______ _____ —–> _____ ______ ——-> _____ _____ ——> ______

A

abdominal artery —> renal artery—> interlobar artery—>arcuate artery —–> interlobular artery—–> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

bowman’s capsule —> ________convulted tubule —> ________ —> ________ —>_____ —> _______ –> ________

A

proximal convulted tubule
proximal straight tubule
descending LOH
thin limb
ascending LOH
thick LOH

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7
Q

What % BW is water?
What % of that is intracellular? Extracellular?

A

60% water
40% intracellular
20% extracellular

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8
Q

What % of intracellular BW fluid is intravascular? intrastitial?

A

0.25 intravascular (plasma)
0.75 intrastitial

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9
Q

What is the major extracellular electrolyte? intracellular electrolyte?

A

extracellular:Na+
intracellular: K+

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10
Q

the # of [any] solute particles contained in a solution is known as _______

A

osmolarity

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11
Q

the # of particles that exert a force on a semipermeable membrane

A

osmotic pressure

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12
Q

What is the difference in osmolarity & osmotic pressure

A

osmolarity: any solute concentration
osmotic pressure: only involves solutes that cannot cross semi permeable membrane and therefore exert osmotic force

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13
Q

At the start of an artery which is higher: oncotic or hydrostatic pressure?

A

hydrostatic

@ end of a vein, oncotic is higher

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14
Q

What are all these symbols in the starling equation?

A
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15
Q

The starling equation was modified after the discovery of _______

A

glycocalyx: gel-like furry looking matrix inside vascular endothelium

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16
Q

How was the starling equation modified?

A

now looks at pressure difference near glycocalyx

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17
Q

What are three types of crystalloid fluids?Which type is most commonly used in vet?

A

isotonic (most common) [similar osmolarity to plasma]
hypertonic […]
hypotonic[…]

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18
Q

What is the effect of administering hypertonic saline?

A

increases blood circulating volume: high pressure gradient pulls fluid out of intracellular space; and redistributes btwn intravascular n intrastitial

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19
Q

What are 2 situations when hypertonic crystalloid sol’n could be given

A

brain swelling : sucks fluid out of tissues
large animals: small volume has a big effect

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20
Q

Which type of crystalloid sol’n is most rarely used, and should never be given as a bolus?

A

hypotonic

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21
Q

Colloid fluids (another type of fluids) are typically restricted to what space?

A

vascular

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22
Q

What are two types of colloid fluids?

A

natural & synthetic colloids

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23
Q

What is the difference between isotonic & hypotonic fluid loss?

A

isotonic: fluid that is lost has a similar molarity to fluid in extracellular space

hypotonic: fluid that is lost has lower molarity than fluid in extracellular space

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24
Q

Is vomiting & diarrhea more likely to cause isotonic or hypotonic fluid loss?

A

isotonic

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25
Q

Between dehydration & hypovolemia, which is able to be treated faster?

A

hypovolemia

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26
Q

Kidneys receive what % of cardiac output?

A

~25%

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27
Q

What are the following layers of a glomerular capillary?

A
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28
Q

Do glomerular capillaries have a higher or lower permeability than most capillaries?

A

higher

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29
Q

What is the most significant barrier of filtration in a glomerular capillary?

A

basement membrane

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30
Q

How many layers are in the basement membrane? Does it have a positive or negative charge?

A

3 layers
neg charge

31
Q

What are 2 more structures that serve as a barrier of glomerular capillary filtration?

A

glycocalyx & podocytes

32
Q

The glycocalyx of a glomerular capillary prevents certain particles from passing through due to its _______ charge

A

negative

33
Q

_______ are a specialised epithelial cell that encircle glomerular capillaries

A

podocytes

34
Q

Albumin is small enough to be filtered; what prevents its filtration?

A

neg charge

35
Q

Compared to blood, ultrafiltrate ahs less of which macromolecule?

A

protien

36
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that control GFR?

A

myogenic reflex
tubuloglomerular feedback

37
Q

Briefly describe the myogenic reflex

A

increased vascular volume –> increased arterial BP –> renal arteriole stretched –> Ca entry –> Ca increases vascular tone, constriction

[neg pathway loop to regulate]

38
Q

Describe the tubuloglomerular feedback mech for GFR regulation

A

more detail in notes!
NaCl sensed, macula densa cell, ATP, mesangial cell, Ca, renin n vasoconstriction

39
Q

GFR is measured by measuring the plasma clearance of a substance. What are some criterias for that substance?

A

freely filtered across bowman’s space
not absorbed or secreted by nephron
not metabolized or produced by kidney
does not alter GFR

40
Q

Simple diffusion can be dependent on which two types of gradients?

A

concentration or electrochemical

41
Q

What is solvent drag?

A

when water crosses a barrier and carries solutes dissolved in it

42
Q

primary active transport goes against what type of gradient?

A

electrochemical

[ex-Na-K-ATPase]

43
Q

Briefly describe coupled transport

A

2(+) solutes moving across a membrane, can be in same or opposite direction, doe snot require ATP

44
Q

what type of transport does not require ATP?

A

coupled transport

45
Q

transepithelial transport can happen in two ways:

A

transcellular (through cell)
paracellular (around cell, solvent drag etc)

46
Q

Between proximal tubule and distal tubule, which will have tighter junctions?

A

disital tubule

47
Q

What is the key element of transport in the proximal tubule?

A

Na-K-ATPase pump

48
Q

65% of water is absorbed by what part of the kidney?

A

proximal tubule

49
Q

fanconi syndrome is characterised by damage to what structure? leads to loss of what substances?

A

damaged proximal tubule
low glucose, AA, K+, Na+

50
Q

In the late proximal tubule, what are the two main substances being absorbed?

A

Na & Cl

51
Q

Water absorption in the loop of henle occurs where?

A

exclusively thin descending limb

52
Q

Between the thin and thick ascending limbs, which is active absorption? Which is passive?

A

thin limb: passive
thick limb: active

53
Q

Which has longer loops, medulla or cortex?

A

medulla

54
Q

the countercurrent blood vessels running along the loop of henle are called _____ _______

A

vasa recta

55
Q

briefly describe the concept of countercurrent exchange

A
56
Q

briefly describe urea [ ] / filtration:
freely filtered to match [??]
50% is where?
then secreted back into which section of LOH?
then 30% where?
then 50% where?

A
57
Q

99% of calcium is within what strucutre?

A

bone

58
Q

Extracellular calcium is either ionised, protein bound, or complexed. which is the most predominant?

A

ionised 55%

59
Q

Would hypoalbumaenia increase or decrease calcium? Which type?

A

decrease protien-bound: less albumin protien for the calcium to bind to
ionized calcium remains unchanged

60
Q

Would hyperlactatemia/hyperphosphatasemia increase or decrease calcium?

A

increase: Ca would bind to that instead of other things

61
Q

Would acidosis increase or decrease calcium? Which type?

A

converts protien-bound to ionized, since H+ binds on albumins sites that Ca was previously at

(alkalosis: opposite)

62
Q

Which type of calcium is not filtered at the glomerulus?

A

protien-bound

63
Q

Which 3 substances regulated blood Ca levels?

A

PTH(parathyroid hormone)
vit D aka calcitriol
calcitonin

64
Q

Does PTH increase or decrease blood calcium [ ] ?
How? (3 ways)

A

increase
increase vit D formation, increase bone reabsorption, increase tubular reabsorption

65
Q

does hypercalcaemia increase or decrease threshold potential?

A

hyper=increase (mainly other symptoms ex buildup in tissues –> kidney stones etc)
hypo=decrease ( easier action potential, –> muscle tremors etc)

66
Q

What is the distribution of phosphorous in bone, soft tissues, & extracellular space?

A

80% bone
15% soft tissue
1% EC space

67
Q

The secretion of fibroblast growth factor is stimulated by _________

A

hyperphosphataemia

68
Q

What are some clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia?

A

RBC lysis
breakdown of muscle
increased GI transit time

69
Q

What are some clinical consequences of hyperphosphataemia?

A

(this is more common than hypophos)
secondary hypocalcaemia

70
Q

What is the main extracellular buffer for pH?

A

bicarbonate: combines with H+ to form carbonic acid:H2CO3

71
Q

How do the lungs deal with H2CO3?

A

turns it into H2O + CO2, exhales CO2

72
Q

How do the kidneys deal with H2CO3?

A

free filtration of bicarbonate across the glomerulus

73
Q

How does ammonium metabolism promote acid secretion?

A

H+ binds with NH3 to become ammonium (NH4), which is excreted out

74
Q

What is the normal/good pH in bloodwork?

A

7.4

ABS&C (16 decks)

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