kidney and urinary tract Flashcards
The Kidneys
§ The kidneys are retroperitoneal in
The Kidneys
§ The kidneys are retroperitoneal in the upper abdomen.
each kidney is surrounded by? and outside?
§ Each kidney is surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule and outside that is a fascial pouch called the renal fascia (containing adipose).
which kidney is lower?
§ The right kidney is usually lower than the left.
superior pole of right kidney lies on
while the left sits at?
o Superior pole of right kidney lies on 11th ICS while that of the left sits at the 11th rib.
both hilum lie at
BOTH hilum lie at the level of L1.
The nerves (posterior) that supply the kidneys include:
§ The nerves (posterior) that supply the kidneys include: Relate to below.
o 11th intercostal and sub-costal nerves.
o Iliohypogastric nerve.
o Ilioinguinal nerve.
The muscles that are related to the kidneys include:
The muscles that are related to the kidneys include: o The diaphragm. o Transversus abdominus. o Quadratus lumborum. o Psoas Major.
Blood Supply. Due to the positions of the vena cava and aorta: which side is longer?
Blood Supply
§ Due to the positions of the vena cava and aorta:
o The left renal vein is longer than the right.
o The left renal artery is shorter than the right.
The Organisation of the Kidney § The cortex is § The medulla is § Each lobe (of the multi-lobed kidney) drains through § Each pyramid also receives
The Organisation of the Kidney
§ The cortex is granular-looking due to random organisation.
§ The medulla is striated due to radial arrangements of tubules.
§ Each lobe (of the multi-lobed kidney) drains through its OWN papilla and calyx (all minor calyxi to one major calyx).
§ Each pyramid also receives its own blood supply and ureter branch.
§ The ureters take supplies from all major vessels in the abdomen: which are?
§ The ureters take supplies from all major vessels in the abdomen:
o A renal arterial branch.
o A testicular or ovarian arterial branch.
o Small direct braches of the aorta itself.
o External and internal iliac arterial branches.
Constrictions of the ureter include (sites of kidney stone blocks):
Constrictions of the ureter include (sites of kidney stone blocks):
o 1st – Ureteropelvic junction.
o 2nd – Pelvic inlet.
o 3rd – Entrance to bladder.
Urine is transported by peristalsis by
How does the ureter prevent backflow
§ Urine is transported by peristalsis by smooth muscle walls.
§ Ureter opens obliquely into bladder – prevents backflow.
Bladder Anatomy
Lined by
Lined by urothelium.
How many layers of endothelium does the bladder have?
o A 3-layered epithelium with a slow cell turnover.
o Large luminal cells form a specialised low-permeability luminal membrane.
what happens if the bladder swells
As ureter runs obliquely in, as the bladder swells (due to corrugated internal membrane), the ureters are pushed back and function as a self-shutting valve.
