Kidney, Bladder Flashcards
Blood pH
Normal: 7.35-7.45
Mild respiratory acidosis: 7.2-7.3
Acidotic blood pH = High CO2 levels
Temperature
Thermoregulation
Temperature: Controled by Hypothalamus
Thermoregulation: maintaining body temp. ie. shivering
Check Temp every 15-30 min during anesthesia/recovery
- Rectal thermometer
- Esophageal
- Rectal Probe
Hypothermia
Cause, Affects,Prevention
- Decrease in body temp
- Reduces muscular activity
- slows metabolic rate
Causes
- Shaved skin w/ alcohol
- Anesthesia hinders heat generation (shivering & muscular activity)
- Decreases metabolic rate
- Open body cavity
- Vasodilation to due anesthesia
- Nonrebreathing system
- Pediatric/geriatrics are more prone
- Small animals are more prone
- Room temperature IV fluids
Affects
- Prolonged recovery
- Overdose due to decrease metabolic rate
Prevents
- Warm IV fluids
- Place barrier (warm blanket) on steel table
- Use heating lamp
- Flush cavity with warm fluids
**electrical heat pads can cause burns
**Avoid rapid warming of very cold patient. Will decrease B.P., release cardiotoxic substances which accumulates in hypoxic tissue
Hyperthermia
Increase in body temp
Causes
- Drugs (Cats given opioids)
- Excessive muscular activity
- can’t dissipitate heat
- Large dogs with thick coats with surgical drapes
Prevention
- Administer cold fluids
- Fan/Ice/Alcohol
- Use Acepromozine for cats on opioids
- Uses naloxone for reversal
- Increase O2 flow rate
- Use Non-rebreathing system
Malignant Hyperthermia
Common in pigs
Genetic
Symtoms
- Pig turns red
- Hot to touch
- Increase CO2
- Tachyarrythmia
Prevention
- Stop anesthesia
- 100% O2 therapy
- Cooling methods
- Dantrolene
Cardiomyopathy
- Dialated Lt. ventricle and atrium
- Decreases contractability
- Common in large dogs
- (Doberman, cocker spaiels, boxers)
Cushing syndrom
Canine Hyperadrenocortism
Tumor in adrenal cortex
Increase ACTH in pituitary gland due to tumor
- Excessive production of cortisol from adrenal cortex due to tumor
- PU/PD/Poly phagia
- Abdominal distention
- Muscular weakness
Treatment
Mitotane
Surgical removal of tumor
Addision’s disease
- Hypoadrenocortism
- Lack of glucocoticoid & mineralocorticoid from the adrenal gland
- Young, middle aged female
Causes
- Prolonged use of steroids
- Tumors
- Trauma
- Lack of aldosterone
Signs
- Vomitting
- Anorexia
- Weakness
- depression
- syncopy
- slow BP
- slow HR
- Hypovolemic shock
- Small heart
- Small vena cava & Pulmonary artery
- Atrophy in adrenal glands
Diagnostic
- Low serum Sodium level
- High Serum Potassium level
- Low Urine SG
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hypochloremia
- Azotemia (increase in BUN and Creatinine)
Diagnosis
- ACTH stimulation test (no increase to cortisol level when increasing ACTH)
Treatment
- Istonic Saline fluid therapy w/ glucocorticoid/mineralcorticoid
- Prednisolone
- Pecorten
- Fludrocortisone
Primary: High ACTH in blood
Secondary: Low ACTH in blood
Prognosis
- Manageable
- Life long treatment
- Do not handle stress well since stress hormones are handled by adrenal gland
Endocrine system
- Controlled by pituitary gland in hypothalamus
- Ductless gland
Glands
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- pineal gland
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- Thymus
- Gonads
Anterior vs Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior
- Regulates growth Hormone
- Thyroid, gonads
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
Posterior
- Secretes Antidiuretic (ADH)
- Secretes Oxytocin
Hypothyroidism
Common in middle aged fixed dogs
Primary: Inflammation of thyroid gland, tumor, trauma, infection, immune system attacks T. gland
Secondary: Brain doesn’t produce TRH or TSH hormone.
Signs
- Oily seborrhea
- Low HR
- Alopecia
- thick skin
- Weight gain
- Constipation
- Cold intolerance
- Lethargy
- Atrophy
- muscle weakness
- Atherosclerosis (harden arteries)
Test
TSH Stimulation test
Total T4, TSH Level & Free T4 test
Treatment
L-Thyroxine supplement (T4)
Litothyrine (T3)
Prognosis
Clinical signs improve in 3-4 weeks except neuro. signs.
Good prognosis with thyroid supplement
Hyperthyrodisim
Common in cats older than 5 years old
Signs
- Weight loss
- restlessness
- hyperactivity
- diarrhea
- palpable thyroid nodule
- High HR
- murmmer
- Vomitting
- PD/PU
- Blindness
- Intolerance to heat
- panting
Diagnosis
Palpate thyroid
measure thyroid levels in blood
Treatment
Surgical removal of thyroid
Methimazole
Prognosis
Signs improve with treatment
heart/eye changes may be permanent
- Methimazole
- Surgical removal of thyroid nodule
- radioactive iodine
Prognosis
- heart and eye changes are permanent
- Signs improve with treatment
Renal/Urogenital
Stones
Bladder signs
- Strangiuria
- Pollakiuria
- Hematuria
Urethra
- Abdominal distention
- Pain
- Anorexia
- vomitting
- depression
Diganosis
- Contrast study
- Radiograph
- Ultrasound
- Cystogram
Nephrons
- Glomerulus - Filters water from blood
- Bowman’s capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule - reabsorbs/secretes H20, glucose, AA NA, K, Ca, CL, HCO3. Maintains pH
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
Diuretic
Diuresis
Diuretic
Blocks reabsorbtion of Na & Cl
- Thiazides
- loop diuretics (lasix, furosemide)
- Potassium sparing diuretics
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- osmotics
Diuresis
Increases volume of water
It excretes water from kidney and other tissues (edema)
