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Kin 120 > Kin 120 Module 3 > Flashcards

Kin 120 Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What can you do to lower your risk of heart disease?

A
  1. don’t smoke
  2. being physically active
  3. eating a healthy diet
  4. maintaining a healthy weight
  5. limit alcohol consumption
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2
Q

Why is cardiovascular disease the leading cause of death in Canada

A

to many Canadians are overweight, sedentary smoke, manage stress ineffectively, uncontrolled high blood pressure, high cholesterol

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3
Q

What are the controllable factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  1. tobacco use
  2. high blood pressure
  3. Unhealthy cholesterol levels
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. obesity
  6. diabetes
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4
Q

what are the psychological and social factors that contribute to CVD?

A
  1. stress
  2. Chronic anger and hostility
  3. suppressing psychological distress
  4. depression and anxiety
  5. social isolation
  6. low socioeconomic status

Caused by low oxytocin and high cortisol

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5
Q

what are major risk factors of CVD that can’t be changed

A
  1. age
  2. gender
  3. family history
  4. ethniticy
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6
Q

how does smoking increase your chance of cardiovascular disease

A
  1. reduces HDL levels (acrolein causes oxidative damage and reduces immune function)
  2. Raises LDL levels and triglycerides, (oxidation increases, causing an immune response)
  3. acrylamide causes mutations
  4. raises blood pressure
  5. carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the blood and harms the tissue that needs oxygen
  6. Cyanide blocks cytochrome c in ETC: lower levels of energy
  7. Promotes clotting by increasing platlet activity
  8. accerlates the rate of fatty deposit in the artery
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7
Q

What is hypertension and how does it affect CVD

A

Hypertension is high blood pressure and its’ too much force exerted against the artery walls
- strains, weakens and enlarges the heart
-scars and hardens arteries

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8
Q

what are the some causes for high BP (controlled and uncontrolled)

A

-age
-gender
-family history
-inactive
-smoker
-alcohol
-stress
-high sodium, low potassium, low vitamin D

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9
Q

what is classified as hypertension

A

130/85

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10
Q

an individual risk of CVD doubles with what increase of blood pressure

A

20/10

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11
Q

what is cholesterol and why is it important

A

fatty, lipid, wax-liked substance
-essential for proper body function
-Important for cell membrane, sex hormones, vitamin D, protective nerve sheaths, bile production

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12
Q

how is cholesterol obtained and how does it make its way through to body

A

Cholesterol is either ingested or made by the liver, and is carried in the blood in the form of lipoproteins

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13
Q

What is LDL and what are the types of LDL

A

Low-density lipoproteins are blood fats that transport cholesterol and do not dissolve in the blood to organs and tissue
-LDLa are big while LDLb are small (more dangerous)

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14
Q

What are HDL

A

High density lipoproteins and they take cholesterol out of the arteries and bring them back to the liver

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15
Q

When you are active what happens to your cholesterol levels

A

-HDL goes up
-LDLb and cholesterol levels decrease (LDLa is unchanged)
-enhanced transport of cholesterol to the liver and excreted as free cholesterol by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)

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16
Q

What are the risk factors of hgih cholesterol

A

-men over 45, women over 55
-smokers
-hgih blood pressure
-HDL levels below 1.5mmol/L
-family history of Hypercholesterolemia (decreased removal of LDL, ends up accumulating in blood vessels)

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17
Q

what should yoru cholestrol levels be

A

-total less than 5.2mmol/l
-triglycerides less than 1.7mmol/L
-HDL higher than 1.5mmol/L
LDL lower than 3.3mmol?

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18
Q

What are cholesterol ratios that can indicate a low risk for heart disease and what should the levels be

A

-LDL/HDL: 3.3-4.4
-HDL/LDL: 0.22-0.3
-TG/HDL: 0-2 (best indicator)

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19
Q

How can you improve the cholesterol levels

A

-increase fiber intake (binds cholestrol to bile for secretion
-exercise
-healthy body weight
-eat less saturated fats
-quit smoking
-lower omega 6 and increase omega 3

20
Q

what are some of the effects of CVD that are reduced when you exercise

A

-Decrease blood pressure by 4-9mmHg
-decrease triglyceride levels
-Increase HDL levels and converts LDLb to LDLa
-helps maintain healthy body weight
-improves blood vessel conditions
-helps prevent diaebtes
-increases wellbeing

21
Q

what happens in your arteries/ blood when you exercise

A

-reduces viseral fat
-reduces plasma renin and catecholamine activity
-reduces sympathetic and increased parasympathetic tone
-increase NO(vasodilator)
-ADH (helps with water rentension) and aldosterone sensitivity improves

22
Q

how does weight, bmi and obesity contribute to CVD risk

A

-excess body fat
-high blood pressure
-elevated cholesterol levels
-diabetes
-narrows coronary artiers

23
Q

how does diabetes effect CVD

A

-damages the lining of arteries
-increases blood levels of glucose
increases risk of CVD even if glucose and insulin levels are normal

24
Q

how does hyperglycemia increase your chance of CVD

A

-acidosis: less glucose for ATP production, causes anaerobic glycolysis, pH drops (neuronal death)
-increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causing vascular damage
-inflammation increases (TNF is involved in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance)
-mitochondrial dysfunction (cahgnes permeability of membranes allowing entrance to aptoic factors: cellular death)

25
Q

What can cause a higher risk for CVD (diet)

A

-alcohol increases renin and inturn causes higher blood pressure
-fatty foods
-high carb intake

26
Q

what are some ratios that can indicate heart disease and what should they be?

A

-waist-to-height ratio of 0.53 or lower for women and 0.55 or lower for men
-BMI under 25
-waist-to-hip ratio below 0.8 for women and 0.95 or below for men

27
Q

what are the major forms of cardiovascular diease

A

-hypertension
-atherosclerosis
-stroke
-heart disease
-congestive heart failure

28
Q

how can you maintain your blood pressure

A

-maintain a healthy body weight
-engage in physical activity
-drinking alcohol in moderation
-eating healthy

29
Q

what is arhtersclorsis and what can it be linked to

A

it is the build-up of plaque in the arterial wall
-low HDL
-high LDL/ triglycerides
-inactivity

30
Q

How does fitness affect arhteroslcarosis

A

being physically active increase coronary blood flow and increased sheer stress on the surface of the endothelium and produce vasodilators like NO and prostacyclin

31
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

caused due to atherosclerosis by hardening of the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and causes heart failure

32
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

it is a heart attack caused by damage/ death of the heart muscles , resulting in the inability to deliver Oxygen to the body

33
Q

What is a stroke and what are the type

A

a stroke is an impeded blood supply to the brain
-ischemic stroke caused by a blood clot
-hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a ruptured blood vessel

34
Q

what is congestive heart failure and what are the causes

A

this is caused when the heart is unable to pump blood into the body and blood backs up into the lungs, liver, arms and legs
-hypertension
-arthersclorsis
-birth defets
-rheumatic fever (problem with the valves)

X-ray shows an enlarged left ventricle

35
Q

what is cancer and what are the some of the ways that DNA is mutated

A

It is a mutated gene that no longer contains the proper code for producing its protein
-sporadic/inherited
-deletion
-insertion

36
Q

what is an oncogene

A

it is a gene involved in the transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell

37
Q

what 2 genes lead to cancer

A

proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor genes

38
Q

what are some causes of cancer and what are the 2 main causes

A

Main: obesity and tobacco
-aging
-carcinogens

39
Q

how does cancer spread and what is it called

A

Metastasis is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another using either blood vessels or lymphatic system

40
Q

explain the stages of cancer

A

-genetically altered cell: a cell develops a mutation that increases its ability to divide when it would normally be resting
-hyperplasia: the cells look normal and continue to divide
-dysplasia: this is where the cells start to look different and over time a rare mutation happens where it alters the cells behaviour
-in situ cancer: continues to abnormally grove and may cause abnormal appearance, this is where the tumor has not broken any boundaries
-inasive cancer: this is where the cells gain access to the lymph or blood and is able to spread to the rest of the body

41
Q

how does exercise reduce your chances of developing cancer?

A

-it increases gut motility and reduces exposure to carcinogens
-reduces inflammation and improves the immune system
-lowers your anxiety and depression levels, lowering cortisol
-lowers levels of insulin, estrogen and growth factors that aid in the development of cancer
-helps to prevent obesity and development of insulin resistance

42
Q

what are the exercise guidelines for the prevention/ treatment of cancer?

A

-moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at least 3 times per week for 30 minutes
-resistance training 2 times a week, 8-15 reps, at least 2 sets, 6-10 exercises

43
Q

how does chronic inflammation cause cancer

A

it causes DNA damage

44
Q

how does fat tissue aid in the progression of cancer

A

-fat tissue produces estrogen which is associated with cancer in women
-obesity leads to increase levels of IGF-1, leptin, mTOR and AMP-kinases which increase cell division

45
Q

what are some diet problems that can cause cancer

A

-overeating leads to lose of the protective effect of eating less
-high sugar consumption
-low fiber
-red meat
-omega 3:6 ratio is bad

46
Q

what are some ways you can prevent cancer

A

avoid tobacco
control your diet
control your weight
exercise
moderate alcohol consumption

Kin 120 (11 decks)

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