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Biochem > Kinetics of Substrate Utilization, Product Formation and Biomass Production in Cell Culture > Flashcards

Kinetics of Substrate Utilization, Product Formation and Biomass Production in Cell Culture Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: High concentrations of product can be inhibitory for microbial growth.

A

T

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2
Q

T/F: The amount of enzyme produced has an indirect relationship with the promoter utilization efficiency.

A

F
has direct relationship

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3
Q

Refers to the metabolic processes and energy requirements necessary to keep a microorganism alive and functioning

A

Maintenance Metabolism

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4
Q

Cellular representation which are multicomponent

A

structured model

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5
Q

It brings the specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

A

Transfer RNA

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6
Q

They classified approaches to microbial systems according to the number of components used in the cellular representation.

A

Arnold Fredrickson and Henry Tsuchiya

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7
Q

A medium in which chemical composition is well defined.

A

Synthetic

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8
Q

Is produced in the chromosome, and it brings genetic information from the chromosome to the ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA

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9
Q

For filamentous microorganism, by ____branching in actively growing hyphae in the inoculum, product formation is maximized.

A

minimizing

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10
Q

T/F: The concentration of the growth-limiting substrate in culture media is less than Ks.

A

F
greater than

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11
Q

Model known as exponential specific microbial growth rate model

A

Tessier

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12
Q

Cell growth is considered a ______ order autocatalytic reaction.

A

First

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13
Q

T/F: Endogenous metabolism is growth dependent while maintenance metabolism is growth independent

A

F
endogenous - independent
maintenance - dependent

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14
Q

T/F: Better estimation of KS can be made using batch culture of cells.

A

F
continuous culture

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15
Q

It is the period where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.

A

Lag phase

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16
Q

In this phase, cells are active and doubling of cell number occurs

A

Growth/Exponential/Log phase

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17
Q

T/F: The culture medium used to grow the inoculum should be as close as possible to the final full-scale fermentation composition.

A

T

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18
Q

as the maintenance requirements increase, the decay rate of the biomass will _____

A

increase

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19
Q

____ occurs at the same time as the stationary phase

A

endogenous metabolism

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20
Q

It constitutes nearly 65% of the ribosome, helps with the formation of bonds between the amino acids.

A

Ribosomal RNA

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21
Q

Refers to the metabolic activities that occur when cells utilize their own intracellular components as a source of energy and carbon in the absence of external nutrient.

A

Endogenous Metabolism

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22
Q

At ____ substrate concentration, the maximum specific growth rate is independent of the substrate concentration.

A

high

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23
Q

no cell will remain present in the reactor. This occurs mainly because the cell will not get sufficient time for cell division.

A

cell washout

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24
Q

For the biomass composition to remain constant during growth, the specific rate of production of each component in the culture must be equal to the ______

A

Cell specific growth rate

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25
Q

In this phase, rate of cell growth is equal to cell death

A

stationary phase

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26
Q

The rate of food and oxygen diffusion _____ in the center of the pellet

A

Reduces

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27
Q

The Monod model cannot be applied when a substrate exhibits _____

A

inhibition

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28
Q

T/F: Y(X/S) can be improved by decreasing the maintenance coefficient.

A

T

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29
Q

It is the period characterized by cell doubling and the growth rate is independent of nutrient and substrate concentration.

A

Log phase

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30
Q

These products are formed during the stationary phase when the growth rate is zero due to the lack of at least one necessary substrate for growth.

A

Non - growth associated

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31
Q

If the cell senses that it has too much or too little of a particular protein, it responds by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription of that gene.

A

Gene regulation

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32
Q

It is the amount of a compound per unit reactor volume which cannot be used in kinetic expressions.

A

Extrinsic concentration

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33
Q

T/F: The rate of formation depends upon the state of the cell population and all environmental parameters.

A

T

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34
Q

T/F: Pellet can’t grow exponentially.

A

T

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35
Q

This phase is also known as acclimatization or adaptation phase.

A

Lag

36
Q

T/F: Monod model doesn’t account for the lag phase & death phase.

A

T

37
Q

The increase in filament or hyphal length is proportional to the number of _____

A

Filament ends or apical cells

38
Q

T/F: Dilution rate is proportional to the mean holding time or mean residence time.

A

F
reciprocal

39
Q

After seeding in a liquid medium with an inoculum of living cells, _____ is added to the culture or removed from it as growth proceeds.

A

nothing

40
Q

Is defined as the model that is more likely to give good results when applied to an environment different from where it was originally evaluated.

A

Robust

41
Q

Gaden’s fermentation type where product formation is directly related to carbohydrate utilization.

A

Type 1

42
Q

describe the biomass as consisting of several variables

A

unsegregated model

43
Q

It is a group of contiguous genes under the control of a single promoter-operator.

A

Operon

44
Q

Two types of media according to their mekeup.

A

Synthetic medium and complex media

45
Q

Is the transfer of the genetic instructions from the DNA to the RNA and it happens in the nucleus.

A

Transcription

46
Q

These products are formed by cells which are not metabolically active, which make them secondary metabolites.

A

Non - growth associated

47
Q

It is the amount of a compound per unit cell mass or cell volume.

A

Intrinsic concentration

48
Q

Introduced the classification of fermentation patterns

A

Deindoerfer

49
Q

Tessier growth curve always lies in between the Blackman and
Contois curves

A

F
Blackman and Monod

50
Q

Monod model, Blackman model, and Moser models, the Teissier
model is not capable of describing cell growth inhibition.

A

T

51
Q

In this phase, cells lose viability or are destroyed by lysis.

A

Death

52
Q

Batch process is a ____ operation when the concentration of cell mass, substrate changes with time

A

unsteady-state

53
Q

It is the segment in the DNA where the repressor molecule binds.

A

Operator

54
Q

In gene translation, the rate of synthesis is directly proportional to the concentration of ____ coding for proteins

A

mRNA

55
Q

defined as the time required between cell divisions

A

generation time

56
Q

Deindoerfer’s fermentation type where nutrient is completely converted to intermediate before conversion to product.

A

Stepwise

57
Q

This phenomenon occurs when the dilution rate exceeds the specific growth rate of the microorganisms.

A

Cell washout

58
Q

Represent the modulation of transcription through an operator.

A

Promoter utilization efficiency

59
Q

Deindoerfer’s fermentation type where nutrients converted to products in variable stoichiometric proportion without accumulation of intermediates.

A

Simultaneous

60
Q

Gene regulation often occurs during the _____stage.

A

transcription

61
Q

Gaden’s fermentation type where product formation apparently not associated with carbohydrate utilization.

A

Type 3

62
Q

T/F: μ is usually constant during the growth phase.

A

T

63
Q

Modified the Monod model by adding a third parameter, n > 1, to capture the effects of adoption of microbes to stationary processes by mutation.

A

Mosser

64
Q

encompasses the cell’s intrinsic metabolic activities required for survival, either by harnessing available nutrients or by metabolizing its internal reserves under
nutrient-scarce conditions.

A

Endogenous metabolism

65
Q

T/F: The inoculating culture should be as active as possible and the inoculation carried out in the exponential growth phase

A

T

66
Q

T/F: If 𝛼 = 0, the product is growth associated.

A

F
the product is non-growth associated.

67
Q

During the _____ phase immediately after inoculation of the culture, the rate of growth is essentially zero.

A

Lag

68
Q

These products are formed by growing cells which make them primary metabolites.

A

Growth associated

69
Q

A phenomenon caused by a shift in metabolic patterns in the midst of growth

A

Diauxic growth

70
Q

The chemostat can be used to study the period of _____ growth

A

unbalanced

71
Q

T/F: The growth of the pellet’s surface layers is inhibited by harmful metabolites.

A

F
pallet’s surface layers is not inhibited

72
Q

T/F: Cells between mid-log phase and late-log phase are most suitable for fermentation

A

True

73
Q

An unstructured model which displays that product is formed simultaneously with the growth of microbial cells.

A

Growth associated

74
Q

It is a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

A

Promoter

75
Q

This model is a piecewise function that makes a sharp switch from a first order to a zero-order when substrate concentration exceeds the concentration that supports half-maximum specific growth rate

A

Blackman

76
Q

The Monod model does not account for the ____ and ____ phase during the growth phase

A

lag; death

77
Q

defined as the time required for doubling the microbial mass

A

doubling time

78
Q

Model that can used to indicate product formation kinetics that combines growth-associated and non-growth-associated coefficients.

A

Luedeking – Piret

79
Q

T/F: Exponential growth always appears much faster at the beginning of the culture because the number of cells present is small.

A

F
appears much slower

80
Q

T/F: Monod can be applied when substrate exhibits inhibition.

A

F
Monod can’t be applied

81
Q

It is equal to the number of tank liquid volumes which pass through the vessel per unit time.

A

Dilution rate

82
Q

T/F: A nonzero cell population can be maintained only when D = µ

A

T

83
Q

T/F: Substrate inhibition may be alleviated by slow, continuous addition of the substrate to the growth medium.

A

F
alleviated by slow, intermittent addition

84
Q

T/F: At high substrate concentrations, microbial growth rate is inhibited by the higher substrate concentration.

A

T

85
Q

Model reveals that the specific growth rate of microbes did not only depend on the limiting nutrients but also was inversely proportional to the quantity of microbes in the cell culture.

A

Contois

Biochem (4 decks)

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