Kingdom Plantae

Question 1

roots function

Answer 1

system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water, anchorage

Question 2

stems function

Answer 2

structure used to support the body of a plant and store sugar

Question 3

leaves function

Answer 3

the main photosynthetic region of the plant

Question 4

LEAF CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTION

Answer 4

• site of photosynthesis
• waxy layer to prevent water loss
• stomata and guard cells allow gas exchange and prevent water loss
• ADAPTATIONS: develop pine needles for extreme temperatures, develop cactus spines for water loss, develop Venus flytrap to get more food

Question 5

ROOTS CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTION

Answer 5

• important structure for nutrient absorption, anchoring, and water absorption

Root Cap: mass of cells at tip of root, protects root from mechanical damage, secretes a slimy substance (mucilage) to help roots grow in soil, ensures roots always grow downwards to help in gravitropism

Question 6

Region of cell division

Answer 6

• region of cell division found under root cap where mitosis occurs letting the root grow (primary growth)
• regions of active cell division are found in the growing tips of roots and stems
  -= apical meristems

Question 7

Region of elongation

Answer 7

• region of elongation: where new cells are created in the apical meristems of the roots, they are small and rounded, they grow in size and lengthen, no cell differentiation

Question 8

Region of maturation

Answer 8

• area where cells differentiate into specific types, final function is assigned ex. xylem (water) or phloem (food)

Question 9

FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOWERS

Answer 9

• purpose: sexual reproduction
• rely on pollinators, have evolved to have brightly coloured petals and appealing scents
• flowers that are pollinated by the wind don’t need to be as showy

Question 10

PARTS OF A FLOWER

Answer 10

peduncle- flower stalk
receptacle- part of flower stalk where parts of flower are attached
sepal- outer part of the flower that enclose a developing bud
petal- part of flower that are brightly coloured oftentimes
stamen- pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther
anther- part of the stamen where pollen is produced
pistil- ovule producing part of a flower
* ovary supports a long style, topped by a stigma, mature ovary=fruit, mature ovule=seed
stigma- part of pistil where pollen germinates
ovary- enlarged basal portion of pistil where ovule is produced

Question 11

fertilization in the flower

Answer 11

• male gametophytes/pollen grains are produced by anthers in meiosis (spore=2 haploid cells=one pollen grain)

-female gametophyte can form in ovule of flower’s ovary, four female spores produced in ovule via meiosis, one spore develops into female gametophyte=7 cells

Question 12

When does pollination occur?

Answer 12

when a pollen grain lands on a stigma: one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube, other cell forms 2 sperm that travel down tube

Question 13

How are flowering plants fertilized?

Answer 13

• double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes one egg, other sperm+polar nuclei=endosperm that supply food to embryo

-ovule=seed, surrounding ovary=fruit

Fertilization occurs as a sperm cell in a pollen tube fuses with the egg cell of an ovule,

Question 14

STEMS FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 14

• stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage (grow underground), store water, house vascular systems
• some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis
• some stems can be woody and form protective bark

Question 15

Primary growth vs secondary growth (stem)

Answer 15

primary= increases length
secondary= increases width

Question 16

land plants evolved from green algae

Answer 16

• both are photosynthetic eukaryotes
• both have the same type of chlorophyll
• both use starch as storage
• both have cell wall with cellulose

Question 17

Adaptations for plants to live on land

Answer 17

• waxy, waterproof, cuticle allows plants to retain moisture
• stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle, can open and close to move air in and out

Question 18

Water Loss in Stomata

Answer 18

• open and close with the help of guard cells
• guard cells decrease water loss
• when they’re closed=can’t take in co2
• plants leave stomata closed at night to conserve water and bc lack of photosynthesis occurring (need sunlight)

Question 19

Importance of vascular system (stems)

Answer 19

• collection of specialized tissue that allows resources to move to different parts of the plant
• brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots
• disperse sugars from leaves
• allows plants to grow higher off the ground

xylem= carries water from roots throughout the plant
phloem=carries glucose made in the leave of the plant to the remainder of the plant

Question 20

importance of cellulose

Answer 20

allows plants to grow upright, hardens cell wall of some vascular tissues, provides stiffness to stems

Question 21

Importance of pollen grains

Answer 21

• allow for reproduction without free-standing water
• pollen grains contain a cell that divides to form sperm, pollen can be carried by wind or animals to female structures

Question 22

Importance of seed

Answer 22

• storage device for plant embryo
• seed coats protect embryos from drying wind and sunlight
• embryo develops when environment is favourable

Question 23

Adaptations to protect plants

Answer 23

• spines and thorns
• phytotoxins (defensive chemicals)

Question 24

Seed Plants are…

Answer 24

• include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants
• can reproduce without free-standing water via pollination (when pollen meets female parts), seeds nourish and protect plant embryo, seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

Question 25

Gymnosperms

Answer 25

• no seeds enclosed In fruit: cone-bearing and evergreen
• cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms:
  pollen Is produced in male cones, eggs are produced in female cones, seeds develop on scales of female cones

Question 26

Angiosperms

Answer 26

• seeds enclosed in fruit
• flower=reproductive structure
• fruit=mature ovary of flower

Question 27

adaptations of flowering plants

Answer 27

• animals feed on them for pollen/nectar
• pollen is spread from plant to plant in the process

fruit:
- flowers ripened ovary
- surrounds and protects seeds
- many forms: each function in seed dispersal

Question 28

Cotyledon

Answer 28

Embryonic seed leaf

Question 29

Monocots

Answer 29

Single seed leaf: leaf veins are parallel, flower parts in multiples of 3, bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

Question 30

Dicots

Answer 30

two seed leaves
- netlike leaf veins
- flower parts in multiples of 4/5
- bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem