L02 The respiratory system

Question 1

Larynx?

Answer 1

Connects ht nose and the trachea forming an air passage to the lungs.

Question 2

Pleural membranes?

Answer 2

Covers the outside of the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall.

Question 3

Intercostal muscles?

Answer 3

Muscles found between ribs

Question 4

Diaphragm

Answer 4

Muscle is anchored to the lower ribs that separates the chest from the abdomen.

Question 5

Alveoli

Answer 5

Tiny air sacs through which oxygen get from the air gets into the blood and waste c02 is removed from air.

Question 6

Trachea

Answer 6

Windpipe, connects nose and mouth air passes as it is inhaled and exhaled.

Question 7

Cartilage

Answer 7

Strong connective flexible tissue on her ends of bones protects them from rubbing and causing friction.

Question 8

Membrane

Answer 8

Thin sheet of body tissue acts as a barrier lining to seperate structures or organs.

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

Air travels from the mouth or nose through the larynx and then the trachea when then carries air to the bronchi.

Question 10

Bronchioles

Answer 10

Bronchi branch out into smaller passageways of air and end of those are tiny sacs.

Question 11

What is inspiration?

Answer 11

Messages are sent to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles making them contract. The diaphragm goes downwards and the ribs are piled upwards and outwards allowing bigger volume to come in which decreased the pressure in the chest cavity.

Question 12

What is expiration?

Answer 12

Message stops and inter-coastal muscles and diaphragm relax. The diaphragm goes back to its original position i.e upwards The ribs are ou le downwards/inwards resulting in less volume and increasing pressure within chest cavity.

Question 13

What is the role of pleural membranes?

Answer 13

Consist of two layers.
Moist and slippery, thin film of liquid between the two layers.
Lubricates surface so that two pleural layers will slide allows lungs to move easier.

Question 14

Gaseous exchange?

Answer 14

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and their walls.

Question 15

Rôle and structure of alveoli walls?

Answer 15

Walls are thin, each surrounded by capillaries
Diffusion allows 02 t move out the alveoli to the capillaries and into the blood stream and the c02 to move into the capillaries into the alveoli to be exchanged in the lungs.

Question 16

What is a diffusion gradient?

Answer 16

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Question 17

What is the role of glucose in energy respiration?

Answer 17

To generate cellular energy meaning glucose molecules are broken down into acid on dioxide and water and during this process ATP is formed.

Question 18

Pyruvate?

Answer 18

Converted to lactic acid under anaerobic conditions, or broken down into water and carbon dioxide inn the presence of oxygen.

Question 19

Aérobic respiration?

Answer 19

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water
Uses oxygen and glucose
Produces 32 ATP.

Question 20

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

Takes place when no oxygen is available by using lactic acid e.g. when exercising or when the muscles need energy.
The lactic acid must be oxidised later to oxygen and carbon dioxide to prevent it building up.

Question 21

Asthma?

Answer 21

Inflammation of the bronchi that carry air in and out of the lungs causing the bronchi to be more sensitive than normal.
The trigger e.g. pollen makes airways become more narrow the muscles around them tighten = increase in production of sticky mucus.

Question 22

Symptoms, monitoring and treatment of Asthma?

Answer 22

Symptoms: wheezing, breathlessness, tight chest, confusion.
Monitoring: nebulisers peak flow test
Treatment: surgery, preventer and relief inhalers (blue and brown)
Lifestyle changes: avoid triggers, modern hygiene standards, avoid using aerosols.

Question 23

Emphysema?

Answer 23

Airways become inflamed and narrowed as the air sacs get permanently damaged or becomes increasingly difficult to breathe out causing damage to the alveoli.

Question 24

Symptoms, monitoring treatment of Emphysema?

Answer 24

Symptoms: breathlessness, wheezing, coughing, dizziness.
Monitoring: CT Scan, diary of symptoms.
Treatment: oxygen, antibiotics, inhalers (preventer and relief) brown or blue.
Lifestyle changes: stop smoking, avoid triggers, eat a healthy diet, avoid job if that was the cause.

Question 25

Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 25

Genetic defect of chromosome 7 which controls movement of salt and water both in and out of cells. Protein produced by the gene causes thick sticky mucus and promotes infection in the lungs.

Question 26

Symptoms monitoring and treatment of cystic fibrosis?