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Unit 4 - A%P > L05 The control and regulatory system > Flashcards

L05 The control and regulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Control centre of the body consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system?

A

All nerves outside CNS. It relayed info from the brain and spinal cord to the rest f the body and the reverse information from the body to the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nerves include autonomic sensory and motor nerves.

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3
Q

Autonomic system

A

Controls and regulates the processes ugh as heart rate and gut movements.

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4
Q

Spinal cord?

A

Protected by specialised bones named vertebrae. These bones have a hollow centre through which the spinal cord runs, transmits info to and from the nerves.

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5
Q

Sensory neutrons?

A

Transmits info from the senses e.g. the yes and ears to the brain.

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6
Q

Motor neurons?

A

Nerves transmit information to the muscles from the brain.

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7
Q

What are the parts that make up the brain?

A

Cerebelllum
Frontal lobes
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Meninges

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8
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outermost layer of the brain, responsible for thinking and processing different types of info. Tightly packed neurons.

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9
Q

Cerebellum?

A

Positioned at the back of the skull, it co - ordinates and regulates muscle skills such as gross and fine motor skills such as walking and writing. Also controls muscles or maintain balance.

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10
Q

Frontal lobes?

A

Carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking decision making.

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11
Q

Corpus collosum?

A

Bridge of nerve tissue that connects the left and right hemisphere and enables communication between the two.

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12
Q

Hypothalamus?

A

Responsible for the maintenance of the body temp. Regulates appetite and thirst.

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13
Q

Medulla?

A

Automatically carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate.

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14
Q

Méninges?

A

Three layers of membrane provides barrier and acts as a protection from infection.

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15
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrites (receivers)
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Schwann’s cells
Axon terminal
Myelin sheith
Nodes of ranvier

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16
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

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17
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

Long thread like parts of a nerve cell, where impulses are conducted away from the cell.

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18
Q

What is the role of the dendrite?

A

Short branches structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body.

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheith?

A

Fatty substance surrounds axon, forms a protective insulated layer. Enables electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

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20
Q

What is the role/function of the synapse?

A

Function:transfers electrical activity from one cell to another.
An electrical impulse travels along an axon, this triggers the nerve ending of a neuron to release neurotransmitters which diffuse across a synapse and bind with receptor cells on the membrane of the next neuron.

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21
Q

What are the glands in the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Ovaries and tested (reproductive glands)
Pancréas

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22
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Located at base of brain, regulates all other glands.

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23
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Situated near stomach, produces insulin, needed to control glucose levels in the body.

24
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Produces thyroxine, affects growth and sustains metabolism,.

25
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

One on top of each kidney, this is the fight or flight hormone, released into the blood stream, it prepares the body to fight or run by raising the heart and breathing rate.

26
Q

What are hormones?

A

Regulates activity of cells, carried around the body in the bloodstream, maintain proper functioning of organs.

27
Q

What is the structure of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Calyx
Ureters
Rénal artery/vein
Urethra
Bladder, kidney nephron

28
Q

Cortex?

A

Outer layer of the kidney

29
Q

Medulla?

A

Inner region, contains thousand of nephrons

30
Q

Rénal artery?

A

Supplies kidneys with blood

31
Q

Rénal vein?

A

Carries blood filtered by the kidney.

32
Q

Calyx?

A

Chambers through which urine passes.

33
Q

Ureters?

A

Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

34
Q

Bladder?

A

Stores urine

35
Q

Urethra?

A

Urine passes out of the body through this.

36
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Maintain water balance by controlling water concentration of blood plasma. (Osmoregualtion)
Also control salt levels and the excretion of urea, water that is not out back into the blood is excreted by urine.
Nephrons consist of a ball formed of small capillaries called glomerulus,

37
Q

What is ultra filtration ?

A

When metabolic waste are separated from the blood and the urine is formed.

38
Q

What is re absorption?

A

Kidneys selective re absorb molecules that the body needs. These include glucose, mineral ions, re absorbed in the body.

39
Q

What are breakdowns of the liver?

A

DEAMINATION
DETOXIFICATION
PRODUCTION OF BILE

40
Q

What is deamination?

A

Occurs in the liver during protein metabolism, results in ammonia production.

41
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Liver converts ammonia into urea
The urea is transported int the blood and removed by the kidney in the urine.

42
Q

What is production of bile?

A

Bile produced by the liver result of breakdown of erythrocytes.
Emulsifies fasts during the digestion process.

43
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Examples: water content to protect cells

44
Q

What are the stages in negative feedback?

A

Change detected
Corrective mechanisms activated
Corrective mechanisms
Conditions in the body change from a set point.

45
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

If the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again.
If the level of something falls, control systems raise it again.

46
Q

What are the malfunctions of the control and regulatory system?

A

Stroke
Multiple sclerosis
Diabetes
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis of the liver

47
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Two types:
Ischaemic stroke: blood clot blocks flow of blood to brain, clots form where arteries are narrowed and blocked by fatty deposits known as plaque.
Haemorrhagic stroke: when a blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain.

48
Q

What are the symptoms, monitoring and treatment for stroke?

A

Symptoms: face dropped on one side, speech slurred, dizziness.
Monitoring: CT scans, MRI scans,
Treatment: aspirin reduces another clot forming. statins if cholesterol is too high. surgery to remove the clot and restore blood flow to the brain.
Lifestyle changes: stop smoking, exercise more, healthier diet.

49
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Auto immune system disorder, immune system attacks the myelin sheath which becomes inflamed which disrupts the messages sent.
Scarring is created leading to damaged nerves.

50
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment and monitoring of MS?

A

Symptoms: fatigue, difficulty walking, blurred vision
Monitoring: MRI scans
Treatment: no cure, steroid medication to treat relapses, physiotheapy.

51
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Type 1 - autoimmune - body’s immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin.
Type 2- when the body’s production of insulin is insufficient t control glucose levels = not used for energy.

52
Q

What are the symptoms, monitoring and treatment of Diabetes?

A

Symptoms: very thirsty, very tired, blurred vision.
Monitoring: blood tests, diabetic screening,
Treatment: healthy eating, exercise.
Risk factor: being overweight,

53
Q

Nephrotic syndrome?

A

Kidneys do not work properly causing the protein to leak into the urine. This leads to low protein levels in the blood which causes water to be drawn into the soft tissues resulting in oedema.

54
Q

What are the symptoms and monitoring and treatment of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Symptoms: Sweeling of the body tissues, high levels of urine being passed, blood clots.
Monitoring: Blood tests, biopsy.
Treatment: Steroids, diuretic tablets which help with the production of urine. reduces salt in the diet to prevent water retention, dialysis (filter the blood and remove toxic substances out.

55
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

Scarring of the liver caused by continuous alcohol damage to the liver. Scar tissue replace healthy tissue can lead to liver failure.

Unit 4 - A%P (6 decks)

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