L2 Gait Kinematics

Question 1

phases of stance

Answer 1

iniital contact
loading response
mid stance
terminal stance
pre swing

Question 2

phases of swing

Answer 2

initial, mid, and terminal swing

Question 3

phases for weight acceptance

Answer 3

initial contact and loading response

Question 4

phases of single limb support

Answer 4

mid and terminal stance

Question 5

phases of swing limb advancement

Answer 5

pre swing, initial, mid, and terminal swing

Question 6

initial contact
What is happening at each joint?

Answer 6

heel contact w ground
ankle neutral, heel rocker
knee 0-5 degrees with contact creating torque
hip: flexion 20

Question 7

loading response

Answer 7

hip stability, knee stability, ankle PF
ankle: 5 PF, heel rocker
knee: 15 degrees, shock absorption
hip: 20 flexion, supporting contralateral leg in swing

Question 8

midstance

Answer 8

single limb support
controlled tibial advancement, pendullum
ankle: 5 DF, closed chain foot, talocrurual joint over foot and 2nd ankle rocker
knee: moves towards extension and tibia advances
hip: neutral to stabilize pelvis

Question 9

heel rocker

Answer 9

initial contact through loading response as tibia first comes forward and knee flexion begins
while only calcaneus is in contact with the ground

Question 10

ankle rocker

Answer 10

ankle starts to DF and tibia advances over the ankle in midstance
talocrural joint is the fulcrum

Question 11

forefoot rocker

Answer 11

terminal stance, heel rises as foot DFs (calcaneus loses contact with the ground)
forefoot contact onlyto
contributes to step length

Question 12

toe rocker

Answer 12

great toe as base of contact

Question 13

terminal stance

angles

Answer 13

loaded limb single stance
controlled DF as heel rises
ankle: increase DF to 10, metatarsal 1 flexes, ankle and forefoot rocker
knee: active calf to avoid collapse
hip: ext 20
loaded limb trailing swing leg

Question 14

pre swing

Answer 14

prepare for advancement, knee flexes to 40, ankle PF
ankle: PF 15, metatarsals 60 flex, fore foot to toe contact, toe rocker
knee: 40 flexion to clear foot for swing
hip: 10 ext, limb advancement

Question 15

initial swing

Answer 15

hip flex 15, knee to 60
ankle: 5 PF to neutral
knee: flex 60
hip: flex 15

Question 16

mid swing

Answer 16

hip flex 25, ankle DF to 0
ankle: moves to neutral to clear ground
knee: rapidly extend, move to 25 degrees
hip: flex at 25

Question 17

terminal swing

Answer 17

limb reaching out, step length
ankle: neutral
knee: neutral to 5, active quads
hip: hip flex decrease to 20
position limb for heel contact

Question 18

pelvic tilt

Answer 18

in sagittal plane
normally sits at 10 ant pelvic tilt
tilts addl 4 degrees anteriorly during terminal stance
posterior tilt in single leg stance
in frontal plane
when accepting weight opposite side drops 4 degrees

Question 19

hip knee and ankle alignment/deviations in frontal plane

Answer 19

hip stabilizes contralateral leg in swing
knee in alignment with no varus/valgus
ankle subtalar joint supinates and pronates
pronation in loading and supination in force generation

Question 20

pelvis rotation - transverse plane

Answer 20

in terminal stance pelvis retracts
neutral midswing
forward in terminal swing
allows for longer stride length

Question 21

trunk rotation - transverse plane

Answer 21

as leg goes forward, opposite arm swings forward with thoracic rotation
coincides with contralateral pelvis retraction