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Respiratory System > L23. Ventilation > Flashcards

L23. Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A
  • ventilation (breathing)

- movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

Inspiration

A
  • breathing in (inhaling)
  • diaphragm contracts (moves down)
  • rib muscles contract and rib cage expands
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3
Q

Expiration

A
  • breathing out (exhilation)
  • diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
  • rib muscles relax and rig cage gets smaller
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4
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A
  • one complete inspiration and expiration

- respiratory rate ~ 15 breaths/ min (resting)

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5
Q

Lung pleura

A
  • lung coverings

Parietal pleura
- lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura
- lines the surface of the lungs

Separated pleural space

  • filled with pleural fluid
  • decrease friction during breathing
  • creates negative pressure to keep lungs adhered to thoracic cage
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6
Q

Respiratory muscles (during quiet breathing)

A

DIAPHRAGM (dome-shaped)

  • contraction flattens diaphragm
  • responsible for ~75% of air moving into the lungs during quiet breathing

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

  • stiffen thoracic cage; increases diameter, moves rib-cage outwards and upwards
  • responsible for 25% of air moving into lungs during quiet breathing
  • during quiet breathing, only inspiration is active
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7
Q

Respiratory muscles (during forced inspiration)

A

Scalenes

  • holds first pair of ribs stationary
  • extra muscles help external intercostal muscles elevate ribs more
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8
Q

Respiratory muscles (during quiet expiration)

A
  • quiet expiration is a passive process due to natural elastic recoil of the lungs
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9
Q

Respiratory muscles (during forced expiration)

A

INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS and TRANSVERSE THORACIS
- depress ribs and reduce width and depth of thoracic cavity

ABDONIMAL, INT/EXT OBLIQUES and LATISSIMUS DORSI
- assist internal intercostals by compressing abdomen, forcing diaphragm upwards (during sneezing, coughing, singing, etc)

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10
Q

Alveolar Ventilation Rate

A
  • the rate of air flow that the alveoli encounter during normal breathing
  • determines the concentrations of O2 and CO2 in functioning alveoli
    > the higher the alveolar ventilation rate, the higher the blood O2 concentration and the lower the blood CO2
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11
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A
  • 500ml

- the amount of air inhaled / exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

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12
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A
  • 3000ml

- the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after TV

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13
Q

Expiration reserve volume (ERV)

A
  • 1200ml

- the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after TV

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14
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A
  • 1300ml

- the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

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15
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A
  • 4700ml
    = tidal volume (500ml) + Inspiration reserve volume (3000ml) + Expiration reserve volume (1200ml)
  • the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inspiration
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16
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A
  • 6000ml
    = vital capacity (4700ml) + residual volume (1300ml)
  • the maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
17
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in gas exchange
- ie. air in the conducting airway
> nose/ nasal cavity
> pharaynx
> trachea
> bronchi
- 500ml tidal volume; 150ml not available for gas exchange

18
Q

Control of respiration

A

Peripheral and alveolar capillaries maintain balance during gas diffusion by:

CHANGING BLOOD FLOW
- increasing or decreasing vessel diameter -> changes the amount of oxygen delivery

CHANGING DEPTH and RATE OF RESPIRATION
- increasing frequency or depth of breathing -> increases oxygen consumption

19
Q

Respiratory Centres

A

Located in the brain at the medulla oblongata and pons:

INVOLUNTARY CENTERS
- regulate respiratory muscles
- in response to sensory information
(control the respiratory minute volume by adjusting depth and frequency)

VOLUNTARY CENTERS
- in cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata and pons
- can bypass respiratory centers by activatin motor neurons that control respiratory muscles
(important when singing, speaking, swimming)

20
Q

Where are the respiratory centers

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- sets the pace of breathing (ie. rhythmicity)

PONS
- adjusts the respiratory rate and depth

21
Q

Respiratory reflexes

A
  • changes in patterns of respiration induced by sensory input:
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Irritating physical or chemical stimuli- in nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree (cough/ sneeze reflex)
22
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • detect chemical composition of blood or CSF
  • located in blood vessel walls
  • sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels, sends input to respiratory centers -> stimulates / adjusts breathing
  • increase in blood CO2 levels makes us breathe
23
Q

Hypercapnia

A
  • high CO2 levels
  • holding breath, can’t breathe
  • stimulates respiratory centres to increase depth and rate of respiration
24
Q

Hypocapnia

A
  • low CO2 levels

- hyperventilation, breathing too much

25
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • stretch receptor that detect blood pressure
  • located in carotid sinus and aorta
  • sends input to respiratory centres
  • when blood pressure falls, respiration increases to maximise oxygen levels in blood
  • when blood pressure increases, respiration decreases
26
Q

Physical and chemical irritants

A

Protective reflexes
- triggered by receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract when lungs are exposed to:
> toxic vapors
> chemical irritants
> mechanical stimulation
- cause sneezing, coughing, and laryngeal spasm

Respiratory System (3 decks)

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