L3 - Clinical Immunology

Question 1

What are the 2 processes that can happen after cell death following tissue damage?

Answer 1

Restitution
Fibrous Repair and formation of scar tissue

Question 2

When can restitution happen?

Answer 2

If cells have proliferative capacity to regenerate

Question 3

When can Fibrous Repair happen?

Answer 3

If cell cannot regrow or tissue architecture is destroyed

Question 4

Two types of inflammation

Answer 4

Acute
Chronic

Question 5

4 Cardinal effects of acute inflammation

Answer 5

Rubor
Calor
Dolor
Tumor

Question 6

What are the responses in acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Chemical mediators stimulate production of exudate
Damaged tissue broken down, partly liquefied and debris is removed from the site

Question 7

What does exudate consist of?

Answer 7

Salt (fluid and proteins)
Fibrin
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes

Question 8

What vessel do leukocytes migrate out of?

Answer 8

Veins

Question 9

What are the 4 steps of transmigration of leukocytes?

Answer 9

Tethering and rolling
Activation
Firm adhesion
Transmigration

Question 10

What happens in the transmigration stage?

Answer 10

Forms pseuodopodia
Produces proteases to help move between endothelial cells to migrate to tissue

Question 11

What are the cellular mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 11

Neutrophils (only live a few days)
Monocytes in blood become macrophages in tissue

Question 12

Cellular mediators for the immune response

Answer 12

Monocytes secrete cytokines

Question 13

Cytokines

Answer 13

Attract and activate B and T cells to trigger the adaptive immune response

Question 14

How does exudate leave the tissue?

Answer 14

Most cells enter via lymphatic system and cause adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes
Neutrophils stay at site and build up as pus

Question 15

What causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Damaging stimulus persists
Healing cannot occur
Continuing necrosis, organisation and repair occur
Tissues infiltrated by activated lymphoid cells

Question 16

Histological features of chronic inflammation

Answer 16

Necrotic cell debris
Exudate
Granulation tissue (vascular and fibrous)
Lymphoid cells and macrophages
Collagenous scar

Question 17

Balancing the immune response involves:

Answer 17

Continuing tissue damage or removing stimuli
Macrophages may form discrete clusters called granulomas

Question 18

What is the involved in innate vs adaptive immunity?

Answer 18

Different mediators
Longevity of response
Specificity of response
Memory clones

Question 19

Innate Immunity

Answer 19

Rapid response
Highly conserved
PAMP and DAMP receptors
Involves phagocytes, cytokine production and complement cascade

Question 20

How can you become immunodeficient

Answer 20

Inherited
Acquired
Exposure to damaging stimuli

Question 21

Inherited immunodificiency

Answer 21

SCID - Genetic, little or no function of WBC

Question 22

Acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 22

HIV - Infects and destroys T-lymphocytes causing lymphocytopenia

Question 23

Normal range of WBC

Answer 23

4000-11000

Question 24

Normal range of neutrophils

Answer 24

2000-7500

Question 25

Normal range of lymphocytes

Answer 25

1300-4000

Question 26

Immunophenotyping

Answer 26

Study protein expression
Distinguish specific immune cell populations
Microscopy or flow cytometry

Question 27

Flow cytometry over microscopy

Answer 27

Multiple cell types can be assessed simultaneously
High throughput
Automated

Question 28

Microscopy over Flow Cytometry

Answer 28

Cheaper
Less training
Microscopes are much cheaper
Preserve tissue structure