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Cell Bio > L3. DNA & chromosomes > Flashcards

L3. DNA & chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

explain the bond between C and G

A
  • triple hydrogen bond
  • tight
  • harder to dissociate
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2
Q

explain the bond between A and T

A
  • double hydrogen bond
  • loose
  • easier to dissaociate
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3
Q

what is coding DNA

A

DNA that codes for proteins

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4
Q

what is non-coding DNA (“junk DNA”)

A
  • DNA that does not encode for proteins
  • they instead encode for functional RNA
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5
Q

what is a genome

A
  • total genetic information carried by all chromosomes
  • includes coding and non-coding DNA
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6
Q

explain genomic size

A
  • the size is the number of nucleotides or base pairs
  • the size does not correspond to the number of genes or the complexity of the organism
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7
Q

explain eukaryotic chromosomes in a diving cell vs a nondividing cell

A
  • dividing cell: chromosomes become condensed as the sister chromatids become apart and then they become visible
  • nondividing cell: when dyed, DNA is seen all throughout the nucleus
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8
Q

explain the chromosomes during interphase

A

the cell grows and the chromosomes duplicate

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9
Q

explain the chromosomes during mitosis

A

the cell divides and each cell has a set of chromosomes

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10
Q

explain how the DNA looks during interphase

A

as it is being replicated, DNA is pulled apart for easier access for replication

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11
Q

define chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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12
Q

what is euchromatin

A

a chromosomal region that is spread out an is easily accessible for proteins

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13
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

a chromosomal region that is condensed and is not easily accessible for proteins

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14
Q

how does Polymerase Chain Reaction work

A
  1. Heat up DNA and design primers that will bind to the DNA
  2. Add an enzyme that normally copies DNA itself and it will instead copy the DNA in the reaction
  3. Overtime it will give you a DNA product of the sample you are interested in
  4. Sequence the copied DNA to see the actual piece of DNA with its nucleotides
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15
Q

what must you know for Polymerase Chain Reaction work

A

a particular region of DNA and how many of each nucleotide is within the DNA region

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16
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

they are enzymes that cleave off different parts of DNA

17
Q

explain the process of agarose gel electrophoresis

A
  • Apply a current to agarose gel, DNA will naturally sink through DNA
  • Shorter DNA: goes through the gel quickly and will be at the bottom
  • longer DNA: slower to get through the gel and we at the top
18
Q

explain fluorescent in situ hybridization

A
  1. Take RNA or DNA and hybridize it. Then you can label it with a fluorescence tag
  2. Take a whole tissue and treat it under certain conditions so that it opens RNA or DNA
  3. Add a probe to the tissue and you will be able to see where the contemporary region is
19
Q

what is a karyotype

A

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

20
Q

how can karyotypes be seen in fluorescence in situ hybridization

A
  • you can label each gene or chromosome with a fluorescent tag and see where they are
  • can then see alterations in chromosomes such as deletion or addition which are associated with certain disorders or conditions
21
Q

what are nucleosomes

A
  • they are basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
  • they exist to tighten and condense the packaged DNA
22
Q

explain the structure of the nucleosome

A
  • it is composed of DNA wrapped around a set of eight proteins called histones
  • they have tails sticking out from histones
23
Q

what it the difference between chromatin and a nucleosome

A
  • chromatin are thread-like stained bodies with repeating units of nucleosomes
  • looks like a bead on a string under the microscope
24
Q

nucleosome - what are linker histones

A
  • they are histones that help pull nucleosomes together
  • H1 and H5
25
Q

nucleosome - explain the tails

A
  • enzymes will come and modify the tails
  • these modifications dictates how tight or loose the DNA is wound
26
Q

nucleosome - what are chromatin remodeling complexes

A

they are multiprotein complexes that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to mobilize and restructure nucleosomes

27
Q

nucleosomes - what are the core histones

A

histone H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

28
Q

nucleosomes - explain how modifications can affect how tightly DNA is wound

A
  • if methionine is on the histone tails: DNA is more tightly wound and the gene is silenced
  • if acetylation is on the histone tail: DNA is more loosely wound and the gene will be expressed

Cell Bio (21 decks)

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