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Individual Histology > L5 MS > Flashcards

L5 MS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of vertebrae?

A

To provide protection for the spinal cord, serve as attachment points, and support for head and internal organs

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2
Q

What are the types of attachments on a vertebrae?

A

For ligaments, muscles, for extremities, ribs and pelvis

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3
Q

What are the palpable spinous processes that can be used landmarks?

A 
The cervicothoracic juction at C7.
Scapular spine at T3
Inferior scapular angle at T7
12th rib at T12
Iliac crest at L4
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4
Q

How many curves does the spine have?

A

Four

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5
Q

What are the four curves of the spine? Which ones are lordotic and which ones are kyphotic?

A

The cervical and lumbar are lordotic, while the thoracic and sacral are kyphotic

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6
Q

What does lordotic and kyphotic mean?

A

Lordotic is concave and kyphotic is convex

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7
Q

What are transition areas of the spine important for?

A

Motion

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8
Q

Which areas of the spin are more susceptible to injury?

A

The transition areas between the different types of vertebrae

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9
Q

What are the four different types of vertebrae?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

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10
Q

What are the parts of the typical vertebrae?

A

Body, vertebral arch, pedicle, lamina, and processes

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11
Q

What are the three processes of a typical vertebra?

A

Articular, spinous, and transverse

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12
Q

What part of the vertebra is weight bearing? What parts provide protection?

A

Body. Lamina and pedicle

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13
Q

Which parts of the vertebra facilitate movement?

A

Spinous process and transverse process

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14
Q

Which part of the vertebra obstructs movement?

A

Articulating process

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15
Q

Does the atlas vertebra have a body? Spinous process?

A

No. No.

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16
Q

What does the atlas have instead of a spinous process?

A

Posterior tubercle

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17
Q

Which vertebra has a fovea dentis? What does the fovea dentis articulate with?

A

Atlas. Articulates with the dens of the axis

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18
Q

Which vertebra has a groove for the vertebral artery? Where is this groove?

A

Atlas. Posterior arch

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19
Q

Which vertebrae do not have a disk between them?

A

Atlas and axis

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20
Q

T/F Cervical vertebrae have smooth bodies

A

True

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21
Q

Which vertebrae have triangular foramina? Which ones have circular?

A

Cervical and Lumbar, Thoracic is circular.

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22
Q

Where are uncinate processes found?

A

Cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)

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23
Q

What are uncinate processes?

A

Projections on cervical vertebrae that prevent posterior sliding movements of the vertebral bodies and limit lateral flexion

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24
Q

Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes? Which one has long spinous processes? Which one has short stubby ones?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar

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25
Q

Which vertebrae have transverse foramina?

A

C2-C7

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26
Q

What artery passes through the transverse foramina? Which cervical vertebra does not have this artery pass through its transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery. C7, the vertebral artery passes through C1-C6

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27
Q

At what angle are the articular facets of cervical vertebrae?

A

45 degrees to horizontal

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28
Q

Which motions do the cervical vertebrae allow?

A

Flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

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29
Q

Which vertebrae looks like the giraffe? Which one like a moose?

A

Thoracic. Lumbar is like moose

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30
Q

At what angle are the articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

60 degrees to horizontal

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31
Q

Which vertebrae have circular and smaller vertebral foramen than other vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

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32
Q

T/F The thoracic vertebrae form synovial joints at articulations with the ribs

A

True

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33
Q

T/F Thoracic bodies increase in size caudally

A

True

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34
Q

T/F Thoracic vertebrae become shorter and broader near lumbar space

A

True

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35
Q

Which vertebrae have articular facets in the sagittal plane (vertical)?

A

Lumbar

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36
Q

Which vertebrae have mamillary processes?

A

Lumbar

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37
Q

T/F Lumbar vertebrae allow the majority of motion in the sagittal plane

A

True

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38
Q

What motions do lumbar vertebrae allow?

A

Flexion/Extension, and minimal rotation

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39
Q

Which vertebrae consist of five fused vertebrae?

A

Sacrum

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40
Q

What is the position of the sacrum during standing?

A

Almost horizontal (??? according to lecture slides)

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41
Q

What are the articulation points of the sacrum?

A

Sacrum with Ilium (SI joints)
L5 with S1
Sacrum with coccyx

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42
Q

What are the two types of sacral foramina? What nerves do these foramina carry?

A

Anterior (pelvic) and Posterior. Antterior carry the ventral rami of spinal nerves. Posterior carry the dorsal rami of spinal nerve

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43
Q

How many bones make up the coccyx?

A

3-4 very small bones (fused or separate)

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44
Q

Does the coccyx have sites for muscle attachments?

A

Yes

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45
Q

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

2 innominate bones, sacrum and coccyx

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46
Q

What bones fuse to form the innominate bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

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47
Q

Which bones form the midline of the pelvis?

A

The sacrum and coccyx

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48
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

The thoracic region of the spine is excessively convex and a vertebra can become compressed or wedge shaped

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49
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Fracture at junction of superior articulating facet and lamina. Lower thoracic or Lumbar regions

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50
Q

What spinal injury would result in no function below head, and would require a respirator for life?

A

C1-C3

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51
Q

What spinal injury would result in no function of limbs but respiration would be possible?

A

C4-C5

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52
Q

What spinal injury would result in loss of hand and variable upper limb function, may be able to propel a wheelchair?

A

C6-C8

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53
Q

A spinal injury below the brachial plexus such as T1-T9 would result in what kind of paralysis?

A

Paralysis of both lower limbs, paraplegia

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54
Q

What spinal injury would result in only some thigh motor function and may allow walking with long leg braces?

A

T10-L1

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55
Q

What spinal injury would result in still having most lower limb functions present, and may allow for walking with short leg braces?

A

L2-L3

56
Q

Which are the uncovertebral joints?

A

C3-C7

57
Q

Which vertebrae have intervertebral joints?

A

C1-S1

58
Q

Which vertebrae have zygapophyseal joints?

A

C1-S1

59
Q

What are the three groups of ligaments?

A

Ligaments holding occiput to cervical vertebrae.
Ligaments between vertebrae.
Ligaments between spine/sacrum

60
Q

What are the four types of ligaments holding the occiput to cervical vertebrae?

A

Anterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments.
Tectorial membrane
Cruiciform (Cruciate) ligament
Alar (2) and Apical (1) ligaments

61
Q

What do the anterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments prevent? What ligaments continue down spine from these?

A

Prevent excessive lordosis. Anterior longitudinal lig down spine

62
Q

What does the tectorial membrane cover?

A

Dens and its ligaments and basilar groove of occipital bone

63
Q

Which ligament continues down spine from tectorial membrane?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

64
Q

What does the cruiciform (cruciate) ligament prevent?

A

Prevents dens from dislocating into vertebral canal

65
Q

T/F The cruiciform ligament has a transverse and longitudinal portion

A

True

66
Q

Which ligaments connect the dens to the foramen magnum?

A

Two Alar and a single Apical ligaments

67
Q

What are the two types of vertebral column ligaments?

A

Vertebral body ligaments and vertebral arch ligaments

68
Q

What are the two vertebral body ligaments?

A

Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal

69
Q

What are the vertebral arch ligaments?

A

Ligamentum flavum.
Interspinous
Intertransverse
Supraspinous

70
Q

What are the names of the two ligaments that become the ligamentum flavum down the spine?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments.

71
Q

T/F Between spinous processes of C2 and Occipit the ligamentum nuchae become the interspinous ligament

A

True

72
Q

What does the ligamentum nuchae from C1 and C2 become down spine?

A

Supraspinous ligament

73
Q

What are the spine to pelvis ligaments?

A 
Iliolumbar
Sacroiliac
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Sacrococcygeal
74
Q

How are intervertebral discs named?

A

Each vertebra between C2 and S1 has a disc below it with the same number. Or the disc is name after the vertebra above it

75
Q

What are the two main regions of the spinal disc? ?

A

Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposus

76
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

A number of fibrocartilagenous rings: Transition, Inner annulus, outer annulus

77
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc?

A

It is the middle of the disc slightly posterior to center.

Has high water content

78
Q

T/F The nucleus pulposus can be altered by movement

A

True

79
Q

How will the nucleus respond to force applied?

A

Will respond opposite to force applied to it

80
Q

How will the disc nucleus respond to an axial load or compression?

A

The nucleus will push in all directions

81
Q

Where does the nerve root exit the spine?

A

Posterior lateral side off vertebral column

82
Q

How would a posterior rupture of the spinal disc affect the spinal nerve?

A

The disc could bulge/herniate out posteriorly and compress the nerve

83
Q

What is laminectomy?

A

Removal of the lamina with the spinous process on top of it to relieve a pinched nerve

84
Q

What is stenosis?

A

The narrowing of the spinal canal

85
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

A pair of ligaments of the pia mater with 21 attachments per side which attach the pia mater to the arachnoid and dura mater

86
Q

What is the spinal cord a continuation of?

A

Medulla oblongota

87
Q

Where are the enlargements on the spinal cord?

A

In the cervical and lumbar regions

88
Q

Where do nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

They exit through the intervertebral foramen

89
Q

What is the difference between the filum terminale and cauda equina?

A

Filum terminale is a thin strand continuing down form the apex of the conus medullaris. The cauda equina consists of pairs of spinal nerves from L2-down to the coccygeal nerve.

90
Q

How does the spinal cord receive its blood supply?

A

Via three longitudinal arteries originating intracranially from vertebral arteries

91
Q

How far do the three longitudinal arteries extend down the spinal cord?

A

From the brainstem to conus medullaris

92
Q

How are the three longitudinal spinal arteries positioned around the spine?

A

One anterior spinal artery runs in the anterior median fissure. A pair of posterior spinal arteries form anastomising channels in pia mater (penetrating arteries)

93
Q

What is are the spinal arteries reinforced by?

A

Main arteries that give off spinal branches at their respective segmental level

94
Q

Where do the veins that run with the spinal arteries collect?

A

SVC, azygos system, or IVC depending on level

95
Q

What are the extrinsic superficial muscles of the spine?

A

Levator scapulae, trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi

96
Q

What are the three intrinsic muscle groups of the spine based on?

A

Based on fiber direction and length

97
Q

What are the three intrinsic muscle groups of the spine?

A

Splenius muscles, Erector spinae, and transversospinal

98
Q

Where do the splenius muscles arise?

A

Arise in the midline and run superior and lateral (up and out)

99
Q

What is the I Like Standing muscle group?

A

Erector Spinae

100
Q

Where to the erector spinae group of muscles run?

A

Straight up and down the back

101
Q

Which intrinsic muscles of the spine arise laterally and run up toward the midline (up and in)?

A

The transversospinal group

102
Q

What two muscles does the splenius group contain?

A

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

103
Q

Where does the splenius capitis arise? Where do the insert?

A

From the lower part of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C1-T3. Insert at nuchal line and mastoid process

104
Q

Where does the splenius cervicis originate?

A

From the spinous processes of T3-T6. Insert to the transverse processes of the upper 2-4 ā€œCā€ vertebrae

105
Q

What are the three muscles of the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis Mnemonic: I like standing

106
Q

What are the subdivisions of the iliocostalis?

A

Lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

107
Q

What are the subdivisions of Longissimus?

A

Thoracis, cervicis, capitis

108
Q

What are the subdivision of Spinalis?

A

Thoracis (distinct), cervicis, capitis (sparse)

109
Q

What nerves innervate the erector spinae?

A

Posterior rami

110
Q

What are the actions of the Erector Spinae?

A

Unilateral: lateral flexion of spine to same side.
Bilatera: extension of the spine

111
Q

What are the three muscles of the transversospinal group?

A

Semispinalis, multifidi, rotators (long and short)

112
Q

Where does the transversospinal group get its innervation?

A

posterior rami

113
Q

What are the actions that can be performed by the transversospinal group muscles?

A

Unilateral: lateral flexion of spine to same side; rotation of spine to opposite side
Bilateral: extension of the spine

114
Q

Which four muscles create the suboccipital triangle?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major and minor

Obliquus capitis superior and inferior

115
Q

What are the nerves in the suboccipital triangle?

A

Suboccipital n. (posterior ramus of C1)

Greater occipital n. (posterior ramus of C2)

116
Q

Which artery is in the Suboccipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery

117
Q

What are the three groups of anterior cervical spine muscles?

A

Anterior C-spine to skull
Anterior C-spine
Anterior/Lateral C-spine

118
Q

What are the two Anterior, C-spine to skull muscles?

A

Rectus Capitis Anterior

Rectus Capitis Lateralis

119
Q

What are the two Anterior C-spine muscles?

A

Longus colli

Longus capitis

120
Q

What are the four Anterior/Lateral C-spine muscles?

A

Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior
Sternomastoid

121
Q

What are the three scalene muscles?

A

Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene

122
Q

Where do the Anterior and Middle Scalene muscles originate? Where do they insert.

A

Both from the superior surface of the 1st rib.

Both insert into transverse processes: anterior C3-C6 and posterior C4-C6

123
Q

Where does the posterior scalene originate and insert?

A

Originates from 2nd rib and inserts onto transverse process of C4-C6

124
Q

Where does the scalene muscle group get its innervation?

A

ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves

125
Q

What are the actions of the scalene group?

A

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of cervical spine; contralateral rotation of C-spine
Bilateral: Flexion of c-spine
Elevation of ribs

126
Q

What emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?

A

Brachial plexus

127
Q

What function are the scalenes an accessory muscle to?

A

Inspiration (respiration)

128
Q

What effect do rounded shoulders have on the scalene muscles?

A

The scalenes become shortened

129
Q

What can shortened scalene muscles compress?

A

Can compress the brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery

130
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdomen?

A

Superiorly: Diaphragm
Anteriorly: abdominal muscles
Laterally: the inferior part of the rib cage
Posteriorly: posterior abdominal wall muscles
Inferiorly: imaginary line through pelvis, separating abdomen from pelvic cavities, pelvic floor

131
Q

What are the relevant bony structures for the abdomen?

A

Lower ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
Upper pelvic rim

132
Q

Why are the lower ribs relevant to the abdomen?

A

They are an attachment point of the diaphragm

133
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebrae relevant to the abdomen?

A

The are an attachment point for muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

134
Q

What are the two main regions of the muscular abdominal walls?

A

Anteriolateral and posterior

135
Q

What muscles are in the anteriolateral abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominus,
external abdominal oblique,
internal abdominal oblique,
Transversus abdominus

136
Q

What muscles are in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus

Individual Histology (10 decks)

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