L6 Exam

Question 1

define circumduction (1)

Answer 1

• the circular movement of a limb

Question 2

define supination (1)

Answer 2

• the rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces upward

Question 3

define inversion (1)

Answer 3

• the tilting of the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body

Question 4

identify the type of movement made when an athlete points their toes (1)

Answer 4

• plantar flexion

Question 5

identify the muscle that is contracting in the downwards phase of a squat (1)

Answer 5

• quadricep

Question 6

identify the muscle that is contracting at the bottom of a squat (2)

Answer 6

• quadricep

- hamstring

Question 7

identify the muscle that is contracting in the upwards phase of a squat (1)

Answer 7

• quadricep

Question 8

identify the type of muscular contraction in the downwards phase of a squat (1)

Answer 8

• isotonic eccentric

Question 9

identify the type of muscular contraction at the bottom of a squat (1)

Answer 9

• isometric

Question 10

identify the type of muscular contraction in the upwards phase of a squat (1)

Answer 10

• isotonic concentric

Question 11

explain how an increased venous return will help to improve the quality of performance during aerobic exercise (5)

Answer 11

• stretch of atrial wall or excitation of SA node which increases heart rate
• greater stretch of myocardium or heart or ventricle walls / more forceful contraction of myocardium or ventricle walls
• increased stroke volume / stroke volume is dependant on venous return
• cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate / Q = SV x HR
• increase stroke volume will increase cardiac output
• more or faster blood or oxygen pumped to the muscles
• therefore can work for longer / increases the time or intensity for exercise or respiration / more aerobic respiration takes place
• delays fatigue or OBLA / reduced build up or faster removal of lactic acid or carbon dioxide

Question 12

if an athlete was 27 years of age and he had a resting heart rate of 69bpm, work out the athletes targeted heart rate of 70% using karvonens theory (show your calculations) (3)

Answer 12

• 220 - 27 (age) = 193bpm (maximal heart rate)
• 193 - 69 = 124 (heart rate reserve)
• 124 x 0.7 (training intensity) = 86.8
• 86.8 + 69 (resting heart rate) = 155.8 bpm

Question 13

which lung volume is the combination of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (1)

Answer 13

• vital capacity

Question 14

which lung volume is the one you have left even after exhaling your vital capacity (1)

Answer 14

• residual volume

Question 15

how would you expect your inspiratory reserve volume to be affected during a game of rugby (1)

Answer 15

• decrease

Question 16

how would you expect your tidal volume to be affected during a game of rugby (1)

Answer 16

• increase

Question 17

how would you expect your expiratory reserve volume to be affected during a game of rugby (1)

Answer 17

• decrease

Question 18

explain how oxygen is transported from the alveoli in the lungs to the working muscles (6)

Answer 18

• permeability of alveoli (partially permeable membrane)
• short distance from alveoli to capillary
• slow movement of blood through capillaries
• moisture layer enhancing the uptake of oxygen
• high PO2 in alveolus, low in blood capillaries (opposite for CO2)
• movement from area of high concentration to low concentration
• carbon dioxide transported by the same process but in the opposite direction at each site
• oxygen attaches to haemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin and is transported to muscle
• myoglobin takes the oxygen from the haemoglobin to the mitochondria for aerobic respiration

Question 19

describe the structural and functional differences between elite marathon runners and non-elite joggers (8)

Answer 19

structural
- increased alveoli / capillarisation in lungs
- hypertrophy of respiratory muscles
- hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
- improved vasomotor control
- increased red blood cells
- increased capillarisation at muscles
- increased myoglobin content
- increased number of mitocondria
- more efficient use of aerobic sources of fuel
     functional
- improved VO2 max exp
- longer to reach anaerobic threashold
- maintain anaerobic energy stores for longer 
- faster recovery time
- faster removal of lactic acid 
- faster re-saturation of myoglobin stores
- joints / ligaments

Question 20

which of these profiles shows the proportions of muscle fibre types for elite sprinters, explain your answer (2)
a 20% type 1 45% type 2a 35% type 2b
b 80% type 1 20% type 2a 0% type 2b
c 55% type 1 40% type 2a 5% type 2b

Answer 20

• a = elite sprinter

- uses fast twitch fibres 2b / less slow twitch fibres used

Question 21

describe the term motor unit (2)

Answer 21

• a motor unit is described as a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres it innervates
• a motor unit can contain anywhere from 10 and thousands of muscle fibres

Question 22

describe how motor units are involved in the process of spatial summation (2)

Answer 22

• some motor units are turned on whilst others relax

- produces low level force for long duration

Question 23

with reference to the sliding filament theory, explain the roles of tropomyosin and troponin during muscles contraction (8)

Answer 23

• tropomyosin prevents myosin attaching to actin filaments
• nerve impulse / electrical impulse / action potential
• releases calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
• calcium ions attach to troponin
• causing shape of troponin to alter / moves out of the way
• exposes myosin binding site
• allows myosin to bind to actin / cross-bridges formed
• enabling muscular contractions to occur
• muscular contractions will only occur providing there is sufficient calcium and ATP
• if insufficient calcium, tropomyosin will move back and troponin will block the binding sites, preventing contractions

Question 24

briefly describe the different stages of a warm up that should be undertaken prior to competition (4)

Answer 24

initial preparation
- pulse raising exercises specific to the sport to activate uptake of oxygen
- gradual increases in intensity
injury prevention
- range of sport specific stretches that increase in intensity to reduce the risk of injury
skills practice
- general team exercises at a higher intensity to help decrease reaction times i.e. cones, ladders
sport specific
- position specific exercises and drills aimed at increasing confidence

Question 25

outline three reasons athletes engage in fitness testing (3)

Answer 25

• baseline assessment, what is your current fitness level?
• to determine what intensity to train at
• target / goal setting
• strengths and weaknesses - determine components that may limit performance
• monitor changes in fitness
• to provide feedback and motivation
• to asses if a training program has been succesful
• revaluate strengths and weaknesses, so future training can be planned
• fitness screening of athletes prior to a transfer

Question 26

explain why validity and reliability are essential elements of fitness training (4)

Answer 26

reliability
- gained through control of variables
- far greater accuracy of test results
- allows identification of strengths / weaknesses
- monitor progress of training
- allows accurate comparison to previous results
- increased confidence when comparing / interpreting results to normative tables / other athlete scores / elite scores
- safety of the performer
- set goals / motivation of performer
- tester error can lead to demotivation
validity
- results measure what they are supposed to
- results relevant to the specific sport

Question 27

Peter Taylor
sex: male
age: 31
weight: 95kg
resting heart rate: 76bpm
body fat: 29%
background and goals: 9 to 5 desk job, 6'4", sporadic diet consisting of processed and pre packaged foods, wants to reduce body fat percentage, tone his body and lead a healthier lifestyle

discuss how Peter could best achieve his goals (15)

Answer 27

• health is a complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease
• unhealthy lifestyle can include poor diet, lack of exercise, stress and social habits
• make small manageable changes gradually: cycle / walk to work / eat breakfast / reduce alcohol consumption / avoid smoking
• increase consumption of healthy foods; avoid high fat foods such as takeaways and alcohol
• to reduce body fat maintain a negative energy balance
• set clear SMART targets based upon valid ans reliable fitness test results to enable motivation to stay high
• undertake fitness testing at various points to monitor progress and aid motivation
• training must be applied to the principles of training (sport and fitt) to ensure progressive overload occurs to prevent a plateau in training, yet avoid overtraining or injury
• high repetition and low intensity to increase muscular endurance and aerobic endurance
• description of structural and functional adaptations given with links to health benefits i.e. lower blood pressure, lower resting heart rate, lower cholesterol levels, decreased risk of stroke / cardiac arrest / diabetes / cancers
• unhealthy lifestyle can negatively affect participation in physical activity
• evaluation of which methods of training are best to advise to reduce body fat tone muscle i.e. HITT, continuous, weight, cross, sport specific whilst making them applicable and realistic to the individual
• difference between losing weight and body fat and how best to do this: increase BMR; avoid big meals sporadically throughout the day, oversleeping, sedentary lifestyle and missing breakfat
• calculation of correct training zones using karvonens theory and monitoring of this using technology such as heart rate monitors

Question 28

giving a practical example of each, explain why a skill can be classified as either self paced or externally paced (4)

Answer 28

• a self paced skill eg a penalty in football is when no other factors change how slow or fast you complete your skill
• an externally paced skill such as a dribble in football is where you adjust the speed of your skill because of outside factors

Question 29

define the term rationalisation (1)

Answer 29

• the development of sports that occurred during the industrial revolution, resulting in the codification and organisation of NGBs

Question 30

outline the factors that lead the move toward professional sports at the beginning of the 20th century (4)

Answer 30

• urbanisation led to large congregations of populations / new towns
• a lack of space put restrictions on playing areas and therefore playing numbers
• commercial opportunity from numbers of spectators / entrepreneurs / business opportunity / factory team development / ticket revenue
• as participation became restricted there where more people available to spectate
• codification brought about accepted rules that where understood / facilitated leagues / competitions / desire to win
• transport meant that teams and fans could travel aiding the development of league and cup competitions
• media created an affiliation with teams for spectators and increased the need to win
• need to compensate workers for for lost earnings with broken time payments
• rugby split to form two codes with one being openly proffesional
• regular wages produced greater disposable income for spectating

Question 31

suggest possible conclusions that could be drawn about sports participation in the 21st century from the statistics below (6)

swimming
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 8.04% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 5.67%
athletics
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 3.33% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 5.01%
cycling
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 4.14% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 4.40%
football
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 4.97% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 4.21%
golf
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 2.18% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 1.64%
exercise, movement and dance
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) NA (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 0.98%
badminton
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 1.27% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 0.97%
tennis
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 1.12% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 0.90%
equestrian
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 0.77% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 0.64%
bowls
(oct 2005 - oct 2006) 2.21% (oct 2015 - sep 2016) 1.33%

according to spot england in 2015 15.6 million adults now play sport at least once a week thats 1.6 million more than in 2005/6 however 58% do not play sport

Answer 31

• although participation increased, the majority do not participate
• therefore, strategies have worked but are still not good enough
• legacy of 2012 olympics may account for some of the increase
• however 1.6 million increase does not take into account the population increase over the past 10 years so we do not know from these figures weather there has been a % increase
• the biggest drop was in swimming
• swimming strategies are not working
• or it may be that with the recession people can’t afford to go swimming anymore
• cycling has increased marginally, possible impact of tour de france 2014
• maybe too early to judge (2015) if participation figures are positively influenced
• athletics has the biggest increase in participation in the last 10 years
• this may be due to increase popularity of jogging / fun runs rather than track and feild
• football participation has decreased over the past ten years
• despite being the nations favourite game the FA initiatives are not working
• overall it could be said there has been a failure of the government or sporting organisations to build an olympic legacy (post 2012)

Question 32

the UK has a global reputation as a succesful host of the biggest one off and annual sporting events e.g. olympics, commonwealth and world championships among others

critically evaluate the benefits to UK society of hosting these international competitions (15)

Answer 32

• the london 2012 olympic legacy is described as the longer term benefits and and effects of the planning, building, funding and staging of the olympic and paralympic games in the summer of 2012
• all hosts have to consider legacy for the wider society and it is often the basis of this that bids to host international competitions are based e.g. london 2012 was about inspiring a nation
• supporting new jobs and skills , encouraging trade, inward investment and tourism
• long term benefits on londons’ and britains’ tourism industry
• image promotion of a country, shop window effect
• regeneration of a whole london district with new homes, improved transportation, and reuse of olympic venues
• the reopening of the olympic park now used as west hams stadium and athletics
• sport funding and investment, funding for elite sport has continued, supported by the national lottery
• continued high investment over the next five years in the youth sport strategy linking schools with sport clubs and encouraging sporting habits for life
• development of more sports facilities and encouraging participation in school sports and wider
• introduction of the school games programme and county sport festivals
• introduction of sport england initiatives such as activate
• volunteering has continued to be succesfull as highlighted by over subscribed number of volunteers for the commonwealth games in glasgow 2014 and world athletics championships 2017
• shared knowledge and lessons learned from the construction of the olympic park and preparing and staging the games are used by organisers of forthcoming global sporting events
• hosting a mega sporting event is extremely costly, london 2012 was estimated to have cost £9bn, could this money have been better spent elsewhere
• cost of staging major games means it has to be a combination of public and private investment
• revitalised wasteland or monument to social cleansing? local housing estates where knocked down and replaced with more expensive housing driving some residents further out of london
• new rail links and roads and rejuvenation of brownfield sites was due to happen anyway
• school sport participation has not been bosted / all increases seem to be short term
• sport england money decreased in 2012 to help fund the olympic games
• other negative aspects are linked to issues during the hosting that can lead to legacy of reduced tourism e.g. travel inconvenience, price inflation, security and crime concern, risk of disease and pollution and other environmental concerns
• most benefits seem to be short term e.g. boost in jobs, tourism and participation
• enormous prestige for a country, but at what cost and to whom
• bidding and hosting international games can lead to shame and embarrassment e.g. montreal 1976 - debt and birmingham 2022 commonwealth games - crippling costs
• no guarantee that hosting particular mega games will bring more positive outcomes than negative ones