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Histology > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of materials are stained with the basic dye, hematoxylin?

A

Acidic materials such as deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids

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2
Q

What type of materials are stained with the acidic dye, eosin?

A

Basic materials, e.g. certain structural proteins and mitochondrial enzymes

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3
Q

What does the cytoplasm stain with?

A

The cytoplasm stains with either hematoxylin and/or eosin depending on the chemical composition and predominance of one or more constituents of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

List some examples of acidophillic structures

A

Intracellular: mitochondria (enzymes)

microfilaments- actin and myosin

certain granules

hemoglobin

filaments of the terminal web

myofibrils of muscle

Cytoplasm of certain cells

Extracellular: collagen and colloid

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5
Q

What color do structures turn when stained with Eosin?

A

pink/red in color. considered to be acidophilic or eosinophilic.

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6
Q

What are examples of cells that have acidophillic/eosinophillic cytoplasm?

A
  1. ) Striated duct cells of salivary glands
  2. ) parietal cells of the stomach
  3. ) osteoclasts of bone

The acidophillia of the cytoplasm in these selected cases is due to the prevalence of mitochondria and the enzymes that are associated with them.

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7
Q

What are the 3 common basic dyes?

A
  1. ) Methylene blue
  2. ) Toluidine blue
  3. ) hematoxylin blue

(basic dyes need not be blue)

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8
Q

What tyeps of structures are Basophillic?

A
  1. ) Chromatic
  2. ) nucleolus
  3. ) granules of basophiles, mast cells, and the matrix cartilage (contain sulfated proteoglycans)
  4. ) sometimes cytoplasm
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9
Q

What is the process for identifying the basophilia of the cytoplasm?

A

If cytoplasmic basophilia is due to RNA than the RNAase will hydrolyze the ribonucleic acids and remove them from the cell causing the area that would normally stain to exhibit no cytoplasmic color

By treating tissue sections with RNAase prior to stianing them with a basic die. The presence of RNA can then be identified and correlated with the basophilia.

(chromatic of the nucleus contains DNA and continues to stain)

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10
Q

What is an H & E stain?

A

Tissues are stained with both hematoxylin and eosin to reveal basic morphology.

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11
Q

What happens in a Silver stain?

A

The nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell can be located, as well as the Golgi apparatus

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12
Q

What is NOT stained in an H & E stain?

A

The contents of the cytoplasm are NOT revealed.

The nucleus, nucleolus, and the cytoplasm are revealed.

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13
Q

In a sensory ganglion cell, what does the Golgi consist of?

A

many small localized

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14
Q

What type of structures/areas of cells are recognized in negative relief staining?

A
  1. )Striate border and Golgi apparatus of the small intestine
  2. ) mitochondira of pronormoblasts
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15
Q

What areas stain less than well but aren’t complete unstainable?

A

Axon Hillock of nerve cells

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16
Q

What is negative relief staining?

A

When some areas don’t stain but stand out or are replaced with voids against a stained background.

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17
Q

What is a Glycocalyx?

A

A coat that covers the exterior of the cell and responds to the extracellular enviornment. Together with the plasma membrane, it forms an interface that interacts with adjacent cells and molecules

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18
Q

What do the carbohydrate in the plasma membrane do?

A

It covers the exterior of all cell surfaces and forms the cell coat or glycocalyx of the cell

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19
Q

How are the glycocalyx and contents of the goblet cell stained?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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20
Q

Which of the following is NOT stained with the basic dye,toluidine blue?

Cytoplasm

Nuclei

acidic glycosaminoglycans of goblet cells

Glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx, being a neutral carbohydrate, does NOT stain.

The goblet cells are stained metachromatically (shift in wavelength)

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21
Q

What reagent demonstrates the presence of complex carbohydrates such as glycogen and more complex carbohydrates such as those ontained in glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and proteoglycans?

A

PAS Regent stains glygogen as well as the more complex carbohydrates.

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22
Q

How to only identify the more complex carbohydrates and not glycogen

A

Diastase is an enzyme that hydrolyses and removes glycogen from the cell. When stained with PAS, there will be a void were the glycogen was in the cell. Residual PAS positivity will be revealed where there is more complex carbohydrates than glycogen. (glycosaminoglycans of the basal lamina and glycoproteins of the cell coat)

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23
Q

How are Lipid Droplets stained?

A

Staining lipids involves freezing since lipid deposits are often removed from the cell during processing (paraffin then xylene). The lipid is retained and the droplet can be demonstrated by using Sudan Black which stains the lipids but not the nucleus.

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24
Q

What do Lysosomes do?

A

Destroy organelles and degrade antigens that enter the body

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25
Q

What does the lysosome “residual body” do?

A

stores materials that cannot be digested by further lysosomal action. They accumulate in the cytoplasm of some long lived cells

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26
Q

What are lipochrome and lipofuscin pigment?

A

residual bodies that appear brown (lipfuscin) or yellow (lipochrome) in long lived cells.

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27
Q

Secretory granules are sperical and tend to be stained by what dye?

A

It depends. Affinity for acid or basic dyes is dependent on the biochemical composition of the secretory material.

Granules of mast cells are basophillic and those of enteroendocrine cells are acidophilic

28
Q

Secretory droplets are irregular in shape and large. How do they stain?

A

They do not stain well because the contents of the droplet are removed during processing and therefore have little affinity. If the cell is filled with droplets, strands of cytoplasm are compressed by the droplets leading to a honeycomb effect.

29
Q

True or false, Mitochondria are large enough to be resolved with the microscope?

A

True

30
Q

How is mitochondria stained?

A

Acid Fuchsin staining. In the kidney, they are rod shaped (elongated when cut longitudinally and spherical if cut transversely).

31
Q

Inclusions are a relatively _____ and ______ group of cytoplasmic particles

A

Inclusions are a relatively inert and passive group of cytoplasmic particles

32
Q

Inclusions include _____, stroed metabolites, and _____________. Others include: melanin and hemosiderin.

A

Inclusions include pigments, stored metabolites and secretory products.

33
Q

How does hematoxylin stain the nucleus?

A

Hematoxylin stains the inactive part of nuclear DNA (heterochromatin) and the nucleolus. Unstained spaces in the nucleus represent thea ctive part (euchromatin)

34
Q

How is the boundary between the nucleus and cytoplasm defined when stained?

A

The boundary between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is defined by heterochromatin which accumulates along the inner edge of an invisible nuclear envelope.

35
Q

What is the Feulgen reaction? What is stained?

A

A histochemical method for demonstrating the location of deoxyribonucleic acids. Only the DNA of the nucleus stains. The nucleolus appears to stain but the interior in fact remains unstained. The ring of stain that surrounds it, is formed byt the DNA of the nucleolar organizer material. The cytoplasm is also unstained. mitochondria contain DNA, but the amount is too small.

36
Q

What kind of membranes is the golgi apparatus composed of?

A

The golgi apparatus is composed of lipid rich membranes.

37
Q

If the golgi occupies a large volume of the cell, how will it stain?

A

It may stand out in negative relief as an unstained area of zone in the cytoplasm. This is seen in the absorptive columnar cells of the small intestine, plasma cells, and pronormoblasts. It can be stained using silver staining.

38
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

39
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of? What size are they?

A

Intermediate filaments are composed of the protein keratin. 10nm in diameter

40
Q

What are microtubules composed of? What size are they?

A

Microtubules are composed of tubulin and are 24-25nm in diameter

41
Q

What are microfilaments composed of? What size are they?

A

Microfilaments are composed of action. They are 4-7 nm in diameter.

42
Q

What is the cyotoskeleton responsible for?

A

The cell skeleton is responsible for the cell shape, motility, and cytoplasmic transport of organelles. It organizes the distribution of organelles and enzyme systems, and it is intimately associated with the movement of particles within the cytoplasm of the cell

43
Q

__________ are structural components of the cell and do not stand out in standard preparations. One exception are the tonofilaments of the epidermis which can be stained by _______ dyes.

A

Intermediate filaments are structural components of the cell and do not stand out in standard preparations. One exception are the tonofilaments of the epidermis.
In the epidermis, intermediate filaments clump together to form larger bundles called tonofilaments that can be stained by basic dyes.

44
Q

How does one identify Keratin filaments? Where are keratin filaments concentrated most heavily?

A

Keratin filaments can be demonstrated with antibodies to keratin (antikeratin) and a flourescent marker. The keratin filaments are concentrated most heavily near the nucleus and also form an anastomosing network that extends to all parts of the cytoplasm.

45
Q

Specialized cells are derived from __________ and _________.

A

Specialized cells are derived from undifferentiated stem cells and embryonic progenitors.

46
Q

Describe a stellate cell.

A

Example: a reticular cell of a lymph node. The cytoplasm of the stellate cell is drawn out in many directions to form processes. Similar morphology is seen in dendritic cells of the monocyte/macrophage system and nerve cells.

47
Q

Describe spherical cells.

A

Example: leukocytes. These blood cells are suspended in a fluid medium and not physically restricted by nearby cells. Each is capable of acting independently of the others.

48
Q

Describe a columnar cell.

A

Example: an absorptive columnar cell. Plasma membranes are rectiliniear. The cells are tightly locked together and function as a unit.

49
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave

50
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

spindle shape

51
Q

What shape are the pancreatic acinar cell?

A

pyramidal shape.

52
Q

What shape are the goblet cells?

A

wine-goblet shape

53
Q

True or False? The shape of some cells is dynamic. Mature or developing cells can migrate, or change shape.

A

True

54
Q

True of false. Most cells contain the same organelles.

A

True. The density and distribution of many organelles, however, is an expression of functions that are peculiar to a specific cell type. Thus, the number of organelles varies with cell type and function. The number may also rise and fall with the age or the activity of the cell.

55
Q

How do tubules in the kidney stain?

A

Depending on the level of mitochondria they will stain pail or strong with an acid fushsin stain.

56
Q

In the cells of the dorsal root ganglion, how are golgi bodies arranged?

A

In the cells of the dorsal root ganglion, many small golgi bodies are scattered about the cytoplasm.

57
Q

In the epididymis, how is the golgi apparatus arranged?

A

One large golgi apparatus occupies a position between the nucleus and the apex of the cell.

58
Q

Examples of cells in which certain organelless are polarized?

A

Secretory cells, strated duct cells, nerve cells, spermatozoa

59
Q

Shape of nucleus

A

May be spherical, elongated, flatted, or irregular (megakaryocytes, and neutrophils). May also be mono, bi, or multinucleated

60
Q
A
61
Q

A lightly stained nucleus, large nucleolus or multiple nucleoli are indicative of…

A

A lightly stained, large nucleolus, or multiple nuclei are indicative of synthetic activity.

62
Q

Nuclei that are pyknotic are indicative of…

A

Nuclei that are pyknotic are indicative of dying cells.

63
Q

Polarity

A

Polarity implies that the activities or functions associated with a particular cell type are sequestered to different parts of a cell as are the corresponding organelles that carry out those functions. The position of the structures in the cell does not change in any particular cell type.

64
Q

The basophilia of a nucleolus is due to the presence of…

A

RNA (ribonucleoproteins)

65
Q

The basophilia of the nucleus is due to…

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleoproteins)

66
Q

How would the nuclear chromatin be stained in a pyknotic cell?

A

The mass of nuclear chromatic would be densely stained in a pyknotic cell.

67
Q

True or False. The cell membrane is beyond the resolution of a light microscope.

A

True

Histology (1 decks)

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