Lab 1

Question 1

Scale bar equation

Answer 1

drawn size/actual size = x (length of scale bar)/scale bar size

Question 2

Dermal tissue system

Answer 2

Function: protection
Tissue: Epidermis, periderm
Cell types: parenchyma, mechanical sclerenchyma

Question 3

Vascular tissue system

Answer 3

Function: support, conduction and storage
Xylem (conducts water/nutrients) and phloem (conducts metabolites)
Cell types: sieve cells, sieve tube elements, parenchyma, mechanical sclerenchyma

Question 4

Ground tissue system

Answer 4

Functions: photosynthesis, storage, secretion, etc
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Question 5

Roots

Answer 5

Usually underground, responsible for eater and nutrient uptake

Question 6

Stems

Answer 6

Usually keeping plant in vertical upright position in order to expose leaves to light

Question 7

Simple tissue

Answer 7

Composed of one cell type
eg. parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Question 8

Complex tissue

Answer 8

Composed of different cell types
eg. epidermis, periderm, xylem, phloem

Question 9

Main component of cell wall

Answer 9

cellulose

Question 10

Microfibril vs macrofibril

Answer 10

Microfibril-several cellulose molecules
Macrofibril- several microfibrils wound together

Question 11

Middle lamella

Answer 11

A layer that cements together the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells.

Question 12

Primary cell wall

Answer 12

Layers of cellulose formed before and during growth

Question 13

Secondary cell wll

Answer 13

Additional material deposited to the inside of the primary cell wall. This is done after cell reaches maturity.
-contains lignin to give rigidity to cells (stains blue with toluidine blue)

Question 14

Plasmodesma

Answer 14

Cell wall channels that allow for the transportation of small molecules between cells and for communication
-membrane lined

Question 15

Primary pit field

Answer 15

Area where primary cell walls are thin and there are many plasmodesmata

Question 16

Pit

Answer 16

Thin areas on secondary cell walls, allows for transportation of water/minerals between cells

Question 17

Bordered pit

Answer 17

The extension of the secondary cell wall forms a border, controlling the passage of materials

Question 18

Meristematic cells

Answer 18

Primary cell wall
Alive
Site of cell division

Question 19

Parenchyma

Answer 19

Primary
Alive
Photosynthesis, storage, respiration, etc
Cell communication via plasmoesmata

Question 20

Collenchyma

Answer 20

Thickened Primary
Alive
Support during growth (while stem is young)
Cell communication via pit fields

Question 21

Sclerenchyma

Answer 21

Primary +lignified secondary
Dead
2 types

Question 22

Mechanical sclerenchyma (+the 2 kinds)

Answer 22

-support
-do not conduct water
-masses of cells
2 kinds:
-fibers: narrow bundles, strong, flexible, pits
-sclereids: branched/irregular shape, thick walls, deep pits

Question 23

Conduction sclerenchyma (+ Tracheids, Vessel elements)

Answer 23

Conducts water/nutrients
Eg. xylem
Dead at maturity
2 types:
Tracheids: primary + thickened secondary
-cell communication through border pits when alive
-xylem tissue in all vascular plants

Vessel elements: primary + thickened secondary
-water moves up through perforations
-only found in xylem of angiosperms

Question 24

Patterns of secondary cell wall deposition on xylem tracheary elements

Answer 24

Annular, helical, scalariform, reticulate, pitted

Question 25

Phloem contain two major cell types

Answer 25

Sieve cell, sieve tube element

Question 26

Sieve cell

Answer 26

Alive
Associated with albuminous cells (assist with metabolic function, provide RNA, ATP, proteins)
Metabolites pass through sieve areas
Found in phloem of vascular plants except for in angiosperms

Question 27

Sieve tube elements

Answer 27

Alive
Associated with companion cells(assist with metabolite transfer)
Metabolites pass through sieve plates
Found in phloem of angiosperms