Lab 1 Female Anatomy

Question 1

Why is the ureter vulnerable to injury during pelvic surgery in women?

Answer 1

The ureter may be inadvertently damaged during a hysterectomy when the uterine artery is tied off (because of water under the bridge)
Uterine artery lies 2 cm superior to ureter/ischial spine
Ureter also lies close to ovarian vessels and can be damaged during oophorectomy!!

Question 2

Why is the urethra more prone to infection in the female?

Answer 2

The urethra is open to the vestibule of the vagina and is shorter than in the male

Question 3

What procedure is commonly performed through the rectouterine pouch as part of in vitro fertilization?

Answer 3

Oocyte retrieval

A technique used to remove oocytes from ovary of the female

Question 4

How is the distention of the vagina limited laterally during parturition?

Answer 4

By the space between the ischial spines
Ischial spines = narrowest space
Ischial tuberosities = Most inferior portion of the ischium

Question 5

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Answer 5

1. Endometrial
2. Myometrial
3. Serosal

Question 6

What are the ligaments associated with the uterus?

Answer 6

1. uteroovarian
2. Round ligament
3. Broad ligament
4. Cardinal ligament
5. Uterosacral ligament

Question 7

Which ligaments are important for supporting the uterus and vagina in the pelvis?

Answer 7

1. Uterosacral ligament

2. Cardinal ligaments

Question 8

What are the four parts of the fallopian tube?

Answer 8

1. Infundibulum (closest to ovary)
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
4. Uterine

Question 9

What is a synonym for fallopian tube?

Answer 9

Uterine tube

Question 10

What is a major cause of infertility in women and name a common method to diagnose this condition?

Answer 10

TUBAL OBSTRUCTION is a common cause of female infertility

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) – a radiographic procedure – is commonly used to diagnose this disorder

Question 11

What is a hysterosalpingography (HSG) used for?

Answer 11

Used to diagnose tubal obstruction for female infertility

Radiographic technique

Question 12

How does the anatomy of the pelvic viscera make women vulnerable to salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 12

Because the female genital tract is in direct communication with the peritoneal cavity
Bacteria invading the vagina may ascend through the cervical canal and into the fallopian tubes to cause a peritoneal infection
Fallopian tubes + ovaries considered peritoneal

Question 13

What may be a consequence of not diagnosing tubal pregnancy early?

Answer 13

Rupture of the fallopian tube with massive intra-abdominal bleeding

Question 14

What are the borders of the female perineum?

Answer 14

1. ischiopubic rami
2. Ischial tuberosities
3. Sacrotuberous ligaments
4. Coccyx

Question 15

What is the ureogenital triangle and anal triangle?

Answer 15

The areas that are anterior (former) and posterior (latter) with relation to the ischial tuberosities
If you draw a line between the ischial tuberosities, anterior is urogenital while posterior is anal

Question 16

What is the perineal body? Significance

Answer 16

A fibromuscular mass anterior to the anus that is formed by a portion of the puborectalis, bulbospongiosus, superficial transversus perineal, and external anal sphincter
PB plays key role in supporting distal vagina + anorectal function

Question 17

How does trauma to the PB during childbirth promote pelvic organ relapse?

Answer 17

Tearing at the Perineal Body can result in an enlarged vaginal orifice with subsequent prolapse of the valginal wall

Question 18

What is an episiotomy?

Answer 18

A relaxing incision made through the posterior vaginal mucosa, perineal skin, perineal body and the superficial transverse perineal muscle?

Question 19

Why are episiotomy’s performed during childbirth?

Answer 19

To prevent inevitable tears during final stage of childbirth

Question 20

What is a common complication of a midline episiotomy?

Answer 20

The incision extends to involve the external anal sphincter

Question 21

What is a mediolateral episiotomy?

Answer 21

An episiotomy that involves incising the posterior vagina, skin, and bulbosponiosus muscle to avoid external anal sphincter