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Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology > Lab 1: Female reproductive tract histology > Flashcards

Lab 1: Female reproductive tract histology Flashcards

1
Q

The lamina epithelialis of the uterine tube consists of ciliated cells and non-ciliated cells.

What is the main function of the non-ciliated cells?

A

Known as Peg cells

Releases a secretion that lubricates the tube and provides nourishment and protection to the traveling ovum

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2
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in which part of the uterine tube

A

Ampulla

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3
Q

Under the influence of estrogen the height and number of cilia on the ciliated epithelial cells of the uterine tube increase. What purpose could this serve?

A

Both an increase in number and length of cilia would facilitate their role in moving the fertilized ovum toward the uterus where implantation can occur.

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4
Q

What is the fate of the follicles that do not release their ovum into the uterine tube?

A

They degenerate and become atretic follicles

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5
Q

What are the theca interna and externa derived from?

A

From the surrounding stroma

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6
Q

Would you find a corpus luteum in an ovary taken from a pre-pubescent girl?

A

No as the corpus luteum is the remnant when an ovum is released (occurs after puberty)

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7
Q

How does a follicle move down the oviduct?

A

Peristalsis- aided by the contractions of the thick tunica muscularis

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8
Q

What does the uterine gland secrete?

A

Thick glycogen secretion

Function is to is nutrition for the embryo (until placenta has developed)

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9
Q

What initiates menstruation?

A

The degeneration of the corpus luteum

Decrease in the levels of oestrogen and progesterone

Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone results in menstruation as the endometrium cannot be maintained

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What type of muscle is present in the walls of the uterine tubes?

A

Smooth muscle

  • Two layers:
    • Outer longitudinal layer
    • Inner circular layer
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12
Q

What is the area of the follicle marked by the letter A called?

A

Follicular antrum

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13
Q

What is the part of the endometrium that is lost during menstruation called?

A

Stratum functionalis

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14
Q

Name this stage of follicular development

A

Dominant follicle (tertiary form)

ie. similar to secondary but a lot bigger

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15
Q

What type of joint is the symphysis pubis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint meaning that the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage but its the fibrocartilage that connects them

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16
Q

The presence of the follicle antrum is a characteristic of which follicular stage?

A

Secondary follicle

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17
Q

This is the histology of a uterus.

What is region A and B?

A

A: Stratum basalis

B: Stratum functionalis

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18
Q

Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity?

A

Because body temperature is damaging to the process of spermatogenesis (process of male gamete formation)

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19
Q

When does the testes descend?

A

Descend to the scrotum from the 7th month of development

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20
Q

What are the risks if the testes do not descend?

A
  • Fertility issues
  • Greater chance of malignancy in the testis
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21
Q

Define the term “cryptorchidism”?

A

A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum.

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22
Q

What are the important accessory glands that are associated with the male reproductive tract?

A

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

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23
Q

Describe the origins of the seminal vesicles?

A

Develops as an out-pouching of the ductus deferens.

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24
Q

What are the 3 substances that make up the seminal vesicles fluid?

A
  • Alkaline viscous fluid
    • Neutralise the acid in the female tract
  • Fructose
    • Used for ATP production by sperm
  • Prostaglandins
    • Aid sperm mobility
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25
Q

The final duct for the gametes (in males), is shared by which other system?

A

Urinary system- by the urethra

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26
Q

How is the female tract open to the exterior?

A

Via the vagina

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27
Q

Which cells in the corpus luteum produce progesterone?

A

Luteal cells

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28
Q

What structures lie between the luteal cells in the corpus luteum and what is the significancy of this?

A

The capillaries lie between the luteal cells.

This allows the luteal cells secretions to enter the circulatory system

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29
Q

What hormones does the luteal cells produce?

A

Luteal cells are found in the corpus luteum

Produces:

  • Mainly progesterone
  • Small amount of oestrogens, relaxin and inhibin
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30
Q

After 2 weeks, what happens to the corpus luteum (if pregnancy does not occur)

A

It degenerates becoming a fibrous scar, the corpus albicans

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31
Q

This slide histologically is which kind of follicle? How can you tell

A

Primary follicle

  • Zona pellucida has formed.
  • Stratified granulosa layer
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32
Q

This slide histologically is which kind of follicle? How can you tell

A

Secondary follicle

The characteristic feature that distinguishes secondary from primary follicles is the appearance of a follicular antrum within the granulosa layer

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33
Q

Name these parts of the ovary?

A
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34
Q

In the ovary, the peripheral ___ is where follicles are found?

A

Cortex

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35
Q

In the ovary, the ____ contains the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

A

Central medulla

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36
Q

The mesovarium is continous with what?

A

The medulla of the ovary

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37
Q

Which ligament suspends the ovary?

A

The mesovarium, because its continous with the medulla of the ovary

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38
Q

Which ligament extends from the ovary to the fundus of the uterus

A

Ligament of ovary

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39
Q

How can you tell this is a posterior view of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries can be seen.

Anteriorly usually a part of the ovaries are obstructed due to the uterine tube

40
Q

What is the most numerous follicle type?

A

Primordial follicles, located at the periphery of the cortex

41
Q

In the primary follicle, the follicular cells are now termed ___ cells?

A

Granulosa cells

42
Q

Secondary follicles are found in which region of the ovary?

A

Deep within the cortex

43
Q

Which stain allows the theca interna to be distinguished from the theca externa? and how?

A

The Mallory stain

Two ways to distinguish between the theca layers:

  1. The Mallory stains blood cells red. The theca interna contain many blood vessels
  2. The Mallory stains collagen fibres blue. The collagen fibres run circularly in the theca externa
44
Q

Why does the theca interna required large amounts of blood vessels?

A

The theca interna has an endocrine function – so the blood vessels transport endocrine secretion products – e.g. steroid hormones

45
Q

Which two layers of the follicular wall co-operate to produce hormones?

A

Theca interna

Granulosa layer

46
Q

Group of the premordial follicles are chosen every month to grow. What factors choose which follicles are going to develop?

A

The follicles are recruited by factors from the stroma

47
Q

At which stages does the theca cells start to become recruited?

A

Primary follicle stage

48
Q

Define the follicular antrum?

A

Fluid filled cavity- characteristic of the secondary follicle

49
Q

At what stage does the theca cells start to form the two layers?

A

Secondary follicle stage

50
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa layer?

A

Important in signalling.

Less cellular and more fibrosis

51
Q

Describe follicular atresia

A
  • Follicular atresia is a normal process in the ovary
  • It is the sponanteous degeneration of follicles
  • Can happen at any stage of the follicle development
  • Used to regulate the number of follicles in the developing pool
    • Making sure only one dominant follicle is ovulated.
  • It occurs continually throughout a woman’s life, as she is born with millions of follicles but will only ovulate around 400 times in her lifetime
  • The granulosa cells start to pull away from the edge of the theca layers.
52
Q

At what two times in a women life time will there be a peak in follicular atresia?

A
  • Peak prior to birth
    • 7 million by mid-gestation
    • After birth, leaves 2 million cells
    • These 2 millions begin meosis 1 just before birth.
  • Peak prior to puberty
    • Further atresia (cell death) occurs, leaving 40 thousand oocytes at puberty.
53
Q

What does the follicle become after ovulation?

A

Becomes the corpus luteum

54
Q

Which cells does the lutein cells of the corpus luteum arise from?

A

Granulosa (bulk of it)

Theca cells

55
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Endocrine organ

Function to produce hormones- particularly progesterone and a small amount of oestrogen

56
Q

On this slide, can you identify the corpus luteum?

A

Massive structure

57
Q

Name these structures of the corpus luteum?

A
58
Q

Describe the steps that occur in order for blood vessels to form within the corpus luteum

A

Granulosa and thecal cells becomes luteal cells.

Capillaries invade the luteal cells forming numerous blood vessels

59
Q

Which structure penetrates the lutein cells of the corpus luteum?

A

Connective tissue septum

60
Q

Describe the characteristics of the luteal cells?

A
  • White spaces in the cell
    • Known as fat ghosts.
    • This is because they are filled with lipid droplets
  • As a result they are known as foaming cells
    • Characteristic of an endocrine cells.
  • These produce hormones, particularly progesterone, that drives the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle
61
Q

What is the epithelium of the vagina?

A

Stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium

62
Q

What is the functional significance of the stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium for the vagina?

A

Protective function resisting wear and tear.

63
Q

Name these parts of the Secondary Follicle Wall

A
  1. Antrum
  2. Membrana granulosa
  3. Theca interna
  4. Theca externa
64
Q

Name these parts of the corpus luteum?

A
  1. Corpus luteum
  2. Connective tissue septum
65
Q

What is the name of the glands found in the vagina>

A

Jokes- there are no glands in the vagina

The mucus it gets its from the cervical glands

66
Q

Where does vaginal mucus come from?

A

Mainly from glands of the uterine cervix

Greater vestibular glands of Bartholin at the entry to the vagina do produce some mucus, but not in significant amounts

67
Q

Describe how glycogen creates a low pH?

A

Glycogen produces organic acids on decomposition.

Creating a low PH environment

68
Q

The vagina mucus contains large stores of which substance?

A

Glycogen

69
Q

What is the clinical significance of having large stores of glycogen in the vaginal mucosa?

A

Glycogen creates a low pH environemnt which prevent microbial growth.

70
Q

The vagina mucosa is very acidic. This acidity is harmful to sperm. How is this problem overcome?

A

Ejaculate is alkaline due to secretions from seminal vesicles – it temporarily neutralises it

71
Q

Why must the vagina be protected from microbial growth?

A

As its an open system- meaning it is open to the exterior

72
Q

Name the 3 layers of the wall of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium (inner layer)
  • Myometrium
    • Smooth muscle layer
  • Perimetrium
    • Outer serosa layer
73
Q

What structure is this and how can you tell?

A

Corpus luteum

Can see granulosa luteal cells (lipid droplets inside (white spots)) and theca luteal cells.

74
Q

Name these parts of the wall of the uterus

A
75
Q

At which layer of the uterus is the uterine glands bases?

A

Stratum basalis

76
Q

The stratum functionalis can be further divided into which layers?

A
  • Stratum compactum
    • Where the neck of the uterine glands are found
  • Stratum spongiosum
    • Where the bodies of the uterine glands are found
77
Q

At which layer of the stratum functionalis is the neck of the uterine glands found?

A

Stratum compactum

78
Q

At which layer of the stratum functionalis is the body of the uterine glands found?

A

Stratum spongiosum

79
Q

What kind of tissue is the endometrial stroma?

A

Connective tissue

Varies in thickness according to hormonal influence

80
Q

Which tissue layer of the uterine wall is the thickest and why?

A

Myometrium – to help deliver the child at parturition

81
Q

What happens to the uterine glands from the proliferatory stage to the secretory stage?

A

Proliferatory: The uterine glands in this phase are relatively small.

Secretory: The uterine glands are bigger and are complexly coiled.

82
Q

Name these uterine cycle stages?

A
83
Q

At what stage of the uterine cycle does the endometrium reaches its maximum thickness?

A

Secretory stage.

Stratum functionalis increases in thickness whereas the stratum basalis and myometrium remain relatively unchanged

84
Q

What does the uterine glands produce?

A

Produce carbohydrate-rich secretions .

Only in the secretory stage of the uterine cycle

Used as a nutrient sources for the embryo until the placenta develops

85
Q

What is the arterial supply to the stratum functionalis?

A

Coiled arteries

86
Q

What is the arterial supply to the stratum basalis?

A

Straight arteries

87
Q

Why does the stratum basalis not get shed off during menstruation?

A

This layer remains because of its independent blood supply from the straight arteries. Source for new growth in the next cycle

88
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall gets shedded during menses stage?

A

Stratum functionalis

89
Q

Why does the menses stage last amount a week?

A

The shedding of the stratum functionalis happens in patches over the uterus. Therefore, not in one big drop

90
Q

What triggers the menses stage of the uterine cycle?

A

The degeneration of the corpus luteum

91
Q

Name these parts of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. Lumen
  2. Mucosal folds
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
92
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is the widest part?

A

Ampulla

93
Q

Which kind of movement of the tubal musculature help to move sperm along the uterine tube to the ampulla?

A

Peristaltic movements

94
Q

The epithelium of the mucosa in the uterin tube is composed of which cells?

A

Ciliated columnar and secretory cells

95
Q

Which ligament(s) of the female reproductive tract attaches the ovaries to the lateral wall of the pelvis?

A

Suspensory ligaments

Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology (25 decks)

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