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Geoscience > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Recurrence intervals of an earthquake?

A

1/Average # of earthquakes

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2
Q

What is the equation for discharge?

A

Q=W(Width)xD(Depth)xV(Velocity) Q is meters cubed per second

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3
Q

Define hypothesis

A

A testable explanation that can be verified or falsified

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4
Q

Define observations

A

Facts, measurements, information, data collected using the senses

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5
Q

Define prediction

A

A statement of what will happen in a given situation or set of circumstances

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6
Q

Explain the difference in thickness and density between oceanic and continental crust

A
  • The Continental crust is thicker than the Oceanic Crust

- The oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust

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7
Q

Explain how the thickness and density of Earth’s crust influence Earth’s topography.

A

The thickness and density determine what tectonic plate subducts which influences Earth’s topography

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8
Q

Describe the concept of isostasy and apply it to the crust/mantle system

A

The state of equilibrium in which objects float at levels determined by their thickness and density. Since oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust when they converge oceanic crust sinks.

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9
Q

Features associated with Convergent boundaries

A
  • Collision
  • Subduction
  • Trenches
  • Earthquakes and volcanoes on the plate that is not subducting
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10
Q

Features associated with divergent boundaries

A
  • Plates moving away from each other
  • Ridges
  • Volcanoes and earthquakes are usually located around the ridges
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11
Q

What is the continental crust made up of?

A

Granite

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12
Q

What is the oceanic crust made up of

A

Basalt

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13
Q

What are the two types of igneous rocks?

A

Intrusive and Extrusive

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14
Q

What two characteristics help you identify Igneous rocks?

A

Texture and composition (color)

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15
Q

If a rock is felsic its color is

A

light

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16
Q

If a rock is mafic its color is

A

Dark

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17
Q

Grain texture of Intrusive Igneous rock?

A

coarse-grained

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18
Q

Grain texture of extrusive igneous rocks

A

Fine-grained

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19
Q

Metamorphic rocks most important physical characteristic?

A

Foliated or non-foliated

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20
Q

Describe what the texture (small vs. large crystals) and color tell you about igneous rock

A
  • Small crystals = extrusive igneous rock
  • Large crystals = intrusive igneous rock
  • Light color = felsic
  • Dark color = mafic
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21
Q

What are the 3 kinds of sedimentary rocks?

A
  • Clastic
  • Chemical
  • Biochemical
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22
Q

How is a chemical sedimentary rock formed?

A

Crystallized from solution as a result of changing physical conditions (e.g., evaporation)

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23
Q

How is a biochemical sedimentary rock formed?

A

Precipitated from a solution, formed by the actions or remains of living organisms

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24
Q

What is a clastic sedimentary rock?

A

Composed of sediment, rock, and mineral fragments.

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25
Q

Explain how sediment changes as it is transported farther away from its source

A

Shape of the sediment is more rounded, the sediment size is smaller, and the sorting of the sediment is more organized.

26
Q

Define discharge

A

Amount of water passing through some body of water at a certain point

27
Q

Explain various factors that control discharge

A

Width and depth of the body of water, and water velocity

28
Q

How to Determine the cross sectional area of a stream

A

measure rivers width and depth

29
Q

Define recurrence interval

A

The chances of another specific type of flood will occur

30
Q

Formula for flood recurrence interval

A

(N+1)/M
N: number of observation on record
M: ranking for each flood event

31
Q

Original horizontality

A

Sediments are deposited in flat layers

32
Q

Superposition

A

Youngest is on top oldest is on the bottom

33
Q

Cross-cutting:

A

The rock or magma that is cutting though is younger than the rock it is separating

34
Q

Define what an inclusion(s) is

A

Inclusions found in other rocks or formations must be older than the rock that contain them

35
Q

What are the three types of unconformities

A
  • Angular
  • Disconformity
  • Nonconformity
36
Q

How to ID an angular unconformity

A

Flat layers overlie tilted layers

37
Q

How to ID a Disconformity

A

Flat layers overlie flat layers

38
Q

How to ID a nonconformity

A

Igneous or metamorphic rock is involved

39
Q

Define the term half-life

A

Time for half of the parent isotopes to be converted to daughter isotopes

40
Q

List these main events in order from Oldest to newest:

  • Earth Formation
  • Humans appear
  • Origin of life
  • Complex life flourishes
  • Dinosaurs appear
  • Dinosaurs go extinct
  • Large mammals appear
A

Earth formation → Origin of life → Complex life flourishes → Dinosaurs appear → Dinosaurs go extinct → Large mammals appear → Humans appear → Present

41
Q

What are contour lines?

A

Lines of equal elevation

42
Q

Latitude is

A

North & south points

43
Q

Longitude is

A

East & west points

44
Q

On the compass what is the index line?

A

White line by mirror on compass

45
Q

What part of the needle points north

A

Red part

46
Q

What part of the needle points south

A

White part

47
Q

What arrow is used to measure dip

A

Black arrow

48
Q

How to measure strike?

A
  • Perpendicular to Direction of the slope of the rock
  • Bubble inside black circle
  • Side of compass flat angling rock surface
  • Red north arrow inside red shed
  • Strike = Reading of white index line
49
Q

How to measure dip?

A
  • Measure “Slope” of the rock
  • Make sure West is pointed to the Index line
  • Read the black arrow for dip (read through the back of compass)
50
Q

Format of writing down measurements of strike and dip

A

strike is 3 #’s, dip is 2 #’s, and then write direction

51
Q

3 Step process of an earthquake

A
  • Time one – Friction causes most faults to “stick”
  • Time two – Build up of stress causes the rock to deform
  • Time three – After some time (can vary), stress overcomes friction and causes fault movement (slip). i.e. Earthquake
52
Q

Explain what factors control the magnitude of an earthquake?

A
  • The amount of slip along a fault

- The length of the fault that slips

53
Q

What is the periodic earthquake hypothesis?

A

Earthquakes are periodic (in other words, all are caused by the same slip, and all separated by the same amount of time.)

54
Q

What is the time predictable earthquake hypothesis?

A

Earthquakes are time-predictable, the larger the slip in the last earthquake, the longer the wait until the next one.

55
Q

What is the random earthquake hypothesis?

A

Earthquakes occur randomly in time and have randomly varying size

56
Q

List a variety of factors that influence the degree of earthquake risk at a give location

A
  • Building codes/how old the building is
  • Strength of ground surface/what soil is made out of
  • How many people live near the earthquake epicenter
57
Q

Describe soil environment of Agricultural lands

A

Layered sand; maybe some plant material; can’t be older than European colonization

58
Q

Describe soil environment of a Sandy Margin

A

Layered sand; maybe some plant material; deposited prior to European colonization

59
Q

Describe soil environment of Marsh land

A

Similar to swamp, but includes more sand and has only plant mater, no woody material.

60
Q

Describe soil environment of a Swamp

A

Lots of plant & woody material; organic-rich; muddy; mostly silt and clay

61
Q

Describe soil environment of of a Shallow Pond

A

Organic-rich, muddy silt with possible thin sandy layers; comparatively less plant material than swamp or marsh

Geoscience (4 decks)

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