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Micro Lab > Lab Practical > Flashcards

Lab Practical Flashcards

0
Q

DIGESTIVE EXOENZYMES

A

BREAK LARGE MOLECULES INTO SMALLER SIZES VIA HYDROLYSIS

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1
Q

EXOENZYMES

A

ENZYMES PRODUCED WITHIN THE CELL, THEM RELEASED OUTSIDE OF THE CELL TO BEGIN THE PROCESS OF EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

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2
Q

HOW ARE EXOENZYMES CLASSIFIED?

A 
ON THE BASIS OF THE KINDS OF MOLECULES THAT THEY HYDROLYZE:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACID
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3
Q

POLYMER

A 
MACROMOLECULE:
PROTEIN
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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4
Q

AMYLASE

A

EXOENZYME THAT HYDROLYZES STARCH INTO MONO AND DISSACHARIDE SUBNUITS

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5
Q

STARCH HYDROLYSIS TEST

A

MEDIA: STARCH AGAR PLATE
EXOENZYME: AMYLASE
REAGENT: IODINE AFTER INCUBATION. FLOOD PLATE.
RESULTS: IODINE BINDS TO STARCH BUT NOT TO ITS BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS TURNING THEM BLUE/BROWN/BLACK COMPLEX.. CREATES A ZONE OF CLEARING AROUND THE STREAK OF ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES AMYLASE. (B. subtillis)

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6
Q

LIPID HYDROLYSIS TEST

A

EXOENZYME: LIPASE HYDROLYZES LIPIDS INTO FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL.
MEDIA: SPIRIT BLUE LIPID AGAR PLATE
RESULTS: PRODUCTION OF LIPASE CAUSES AN INTENSE BLUE PRECIPITATE TO FORM IN OR UNDER GROWTH. THE FATS AROUND THE STREAK ARE DECOMPOSED CAUSING A CLEAR ZONE TO APPEAR. DYE MOVES TOWARD THE REGION THAT LACKS COMPLETE LIPIDS CREATING A BLUE HALO (S. epidermidis)

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7
Q

POLYMER HYDROLYSIS

A

THE ABILITY OF SOME BACTERIA TO BREAK DOWN LARGE POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES SUCH AS PROTEINS, LIPIDS, STARCH, DNA AND BLOOD CELLS.

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8
Q

PROTEASE

A

ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS

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9
Q

PROTEOLYSIS

A

BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX PROTEINS INTO THEIR CONSTITUENT AMINO ACIDS

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10
Q

PEPTONIZATION

A

THE PROCESS OF METABOLIZING CASEIN INTO ITS AMINO ACIDS

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11
Q

PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS

GELATIN

A

EXOENZYME: GELATINASE (B/D OF GELATIN) COLLAGENASE (B/D OF COLLAGEN)
MEDIA: GELATIN AGAR PLATE
REAGENT: MERCURIC CHLORIDE THIS PRECIPITATES UNHYDROLYZED PROTEIN (DENATURES PROTEIN CREATING A ZONE OF CLEARING)
INCUBATIONS 37C FOR 48-72 HOURS

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12
Q

PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS

CASEINASE

A

EXOENZYME: PROTEASE (B/D CASEINASE) ANIMAL MILK PROTEIN
MEDIA: SKIM MILK NUTRIENT AGAR PLATE
REAGENT: MERCURIC CHLORIDE MAY BE ADDED. AREAS WHERE THE MILK HAS NOT BEEN ATTACKED WILL REMAIN OPAQUE DUE TO THE COLLOIDAL NATURE OF MILK PROTEIN. ENZYMES HAVE BEEN PRODUCED (POSITIVE) IF A CLEAR ZONE APPEARS AROUND THE ORGANISIM.

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13
Q

NUCLEASE ACTIVITY

A

EXOENZYME: EXONUCLEASE DNAse BREAKS DOWN DNA (NUCLEIC ACID)
MEDIA: DNAse AGAR POSITIVELY CHARGED. CONTAINS METHYL GREEN INDICATOR
RESULT: DNAse BINDS TO THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED DNA CREATING A ZONE OF CLEARING .

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14
Q

HEMOLYSINS

A

HAVE A DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT ON RED BLOOD CELLS AND THE HEMOGLOBIN

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15
Q

BETA HEMOLYSINS

A

COMPLETELY DESTROY RBC’s AND DECOLORIZE THE HEMOGLOBIN RESULTING A CLEAR ZONE AROUND THE COLONY

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16
Q

ALPHA HEMOLYSINS

A

PARTIALLY DESTROY THE HEMOGLOBIN RESULTING IN A GREENISH SOMETIMES CLOUDY AREA AROUND COLONY

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17
Q

GAMMA HEMOLYSIS

A

AKA NON-HEMOLYTIC: DO NOT PRODUCE HEMOLYSINS. USEFUL IN IDENTIFYING PATHOGENS ESPECIALLY STREPTOCOCCI

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18
Q

HEMOLYSIS

A

EXOENZYMES: BETA HEMOLYSINS AND ALPHA HEMOLYSINS
MEDIA: BLOOD AGAR PLATE

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19
Q

FERMENTATION

A

ANAEROBIC BREAKDOWN OF CARBOHYDRATES. MAKES ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR USE BY MICROORGANISIM

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20
Q

pH INDICATOR

A

ALLOWS DETERMINATION OF WHETHER OR NOT AN ACID HAS BEEN PRODUCED AS AN END PRODUCT OF METABOLISIM

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21
Q

PHENOL RED

A

APPEARS RED IN A SOLUTION WITH pH ABOVE 6.9 AND IS YELLOW AT AN ACID pH LESS THAT 6.8

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22
Q

DURHAM TUBE

A

SMALL INVERTED VIAL PLACED INSIDE THE CULTURE TUBE. PURPOSE IS TO TRAP GAS IF IT HAS BEEN PRODUCED AS AN END PRODUCT OF METABOLISIM.

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23
Q

SUGAR FERMENTATION TEST

A

MEDIA: PHENOL RED CARBOHYDRATE BROTH
RESULTS: RED INDICATES pH GREATER THAN 6.9 (ACID WAS NOT PRODUCED, FERMENTATION DID NOT TAKE PLACE)
YELLOW INDICATES pH BELOW 6.9 (ACID WAS PRODUCED, SUGAR WAS FERMENTED)
BUBBLE IN THE DURHAM TUBE INDICATES THAT GAS WAS PRODUCED

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24
Q

DISSIMILATION

A

BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS WITH SULFUR

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25
Q

REDUCED

A

CHANGE IN OXIDATION INORGANIC COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN TO SULFUR

26
Q

HYDROGEN SULFIDE PRODUCTION

A

MEDIA: KLIGER IRON AGAR CONTAINING PHENOL RED AND FERROUS IRON SALTS INOCULATED WITH AN INOCULATING NEEDLE.
RESULTS: PHENOL RED: RED= NO FERMENTATION YELLOW = FERMENTATION (ACID PRODUCTION)
YELLOW BUTT= GLUCOSE FERMENTATION
YELLOW SLANT= LACTOSE FERMENTATION
WHEN HYDROGEN SULFIDE COMBINES W/ FERROUS SALTS IT FORMS BLACK PRECIPITATE.
BUBBLE IN BUTT OR CRACK IN SLANT INDICATES PRODUCTION OF GAS

27
Q

LOCATION OF ORGANISMS THAT PRODUCE PRODUCE HYDROGEN SULFIDE

A

THESE HIGHLY ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS ARE FOUND IN THE MUD OF LAKES, SWAMPS AND STREAMS.

28
Q

CATALASE

A

ENZYME DEGRADES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FORMED DURING METABOLISM INTO OXYGEN AND WATER.

29
Q

OXIDASE

A

ENZYME INVOLVING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS IN THE CYTOCHROME CHAIN.

30
Q

PEROXIDASE

A

ENZYMES ABLE TO CATALYZE REDUCTION OF H2O2 AND OXIDIZE VARIOUS SUBSTRATES (CATALASE)

31
Q

CATALASE TEST

A

MEDIA: CULTURES OF E.facalis AND S.aures INCUBATED IB TRYPTIC SOY AGAR
REAGENT: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
PRESENCE OF BUBBLES INDICATES A POSITIVE REACTION (ORGANISM PRODUCES CATALASE

32
Q

OXIDASE PRODUCTION

A

CULTURES OF P.aeruginosa AND E. coli
REAGENT: OXIDASE ON FILTER PAPER
CELLS STREAKED ON MOISTENED FILTER PAPER SHOW OXIDASE ACTIVITY WITH A DEEP PURPLE/BLACK COLOR CHANGE (P. aeruginosa)

33
Q

NITRATE REDUCTASE

A

ENZYME ONLY FOUND IN ORGANISMS THAT USE NITRATE RESPIRATION

34
Q

NITRATE RESPIRATION

A

DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT AN ORGANISM CAB REDUCE NITROGEN ATOM INTO NITRATE PRODUCING NITRITE

35
Q

DENITRIFICATION

A

ORGANISMS THAT CAN REDUCE NITRITE AND FORM NITROUS OXIDE AND NITROGEN GAS

36
Q

NITRATE RESPIRATION

A

MEDIA: NITRATE BROTH TUBES, WET INOCULATING LOOP
TEST FOR NITRITE: 20 DROPS NITRATE A AND NITRATE B IF NITRITE PRESENT THE MIXTURE OF REAGENTS WILL BECOME RED, PURPLE OR MAROON IN COLOR.
IF NEGATIVE FOR NITRITE ADDITIONAL TEST REQUIRED
SMALL AMOUNT OF ZINC POWDER AND 6 DROPS OF 6N HCL
COLOR CHANGE INDICATES A NEGATIVE RESULT FOR NITRATE RESPIRATION.

37
Q

COLIFORM

A

USED AS AN INDICATOR FOR FECAL CONTAMINATION

38
Q

ENTERIC

A

RELATING TO THE INTESTINE

BACTERIA IS GRAM - RODS, FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES, CATALASE -

39
Q

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

A

LARGE FAMILY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA E. coli, ENTEROBACTER-KLESIELLA GROUP

40
Q

IMVIC REACTIONS

A

4 TESTS: INDOLE PRODUCTION, METHYL RED TEST, VOGES-PROSKAUER, CITRATE UTILIZATION
USED TO DIFFERENTIATE ENTERIC BACTERIA KNOW AS COLIFORMS

41
Q

INDOLE TESTING

A

BYPRODUCT OF METABOLISM OF AMINO ACID TRYPTOPHAN AND MAKING INDOLE
MEDIA:SIM’S TRIPTONE BROTH AND INOCULATING NEEDLE
REAGENT: KOVAC’S REAGENT
RESULTS: += REAGENT TURNS RED (E. coli)
-= NO COLOR CHANGE

42
Q

METHYL RED TEST

A

DETERMINES THE ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO PRODUCE ACID FROM GLUCOSE IN LARGE ENOUGH QUANTITIES TO LOWER THE pH OF MR-VP BROTH

43
Q

METHYL RED TEST

A

MEDIA: MR-VP BROTH
REAGENT: METHYL RED INDICATOR
RESULTS: += RED (pH LESS THAN 4.4) ACID
-= YELLOW

44
Q

VOGES-PROSKAUER REACTION

A 
DETERMINES PRESENCE OF 2,3 BUTANEDIOL AND ACETOIN
MEDIA:  MR-VP BROTH
REAGENT: 1ML VP-A AND .5ML VP-B
RESULTS: += RED COLOR
		  -= NO COLOR CHANGE
45
Q

CITRATE

A

DETERMINES WHETHER AN ORGANISM CAN GROW WITH CITRATE AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF CARBON
MEDIA:SIMMON CITRATE AGAR SLANT INOCULATING NEEDLE
RESULTS: SLANT CHANGES COLOR
+= GROWTH ON SLANT AND AGAR IS BLUE
-= NO COLOR CHANGE (GREEN)

46
Q

ENTEROTUBE

A

PURPOSE: RAPID ACCURATE RESULTS AT MINIMAL COST AND TIME
COMP 1 GLUCOSE- REACTION GLUCOSE FERMENTATION += RED TO YELLOW (ACID) GAS PRODUCTION += WAX LIFTED FOR GAS
COMP 2 LYSINE REACTION LYSINE DECAROXYLASE += PALE YELLOW (ACID) TO PURPLE (ALKALINE)
COMP 3 ORINTHINE REACTION DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY += YELLOW (ACID) TO PURPLE (ALKALINE)
COMP 4 H2S/INDOLE HYDROGEN SULFIDE += BEIGE TO BLACK REDUCED THIOSULPHATE PRODUCES HYDROGEN SULFIDE REACTS FERRIC SULFIDE
INDOLE PORTION LAST KOVAC’S AGENT
COMP 5 ADONITOL FERMENTATION += RED/ORANGE (ALKALINE ) TO YELLOW (ACID)
COMP 6 LACTOSE FERMENTATION += RED/ORANGE (ALK) TO YELLOW (ACID)
COMP 7 ARABINOSE FERMENTATION SAME AS ABOVE
COMP 8 SORBITOL FERMENTATION SAME AS ABOVE
COMP 9 VOGES-PROSKAUER NOT NORMALLY USED
COMP 10 DULCITOL FERMENTATION += YELLOW (ACID) REACT 2 PHENYLALNINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY += BLACK PYRUVIC ACID PROD
COMP 11 UREA HYDROLYSIS += YELLOW (ACID) TO RED/PURPLE (ALKALINE)
COMP 12 CITRATE UTILIZATION += GREEN TO BLUE (ALKALINE)

47
Q

ANITMICROBIAL

A

DESTROYING OR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS ESPECIALLY PATHOGENIC ONES

48
Q

ANTIBIOTIC:

A

ANTIBACTERIAL TYPES OF MED THAT DESTOY OR SLOW DOWN GROWTH OF BACTERIA

49
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

A

TEST TO PREDICT THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

50
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

A

RESISTANCE OF MICROORGANISM TO AN ANTIMICROBIAL MEDICINE TO WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY SENSITIVE

51
Q

KIRBY-BAUER METHOD

A

TEST FOR ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY

52
Q

ZONE OF INHIBITION

A

AREA OF NO GROWTH

53
Q

LAWNING

A

RESULTS IN HEAVY GROWTH OF CULTURE SPREAD EVENLY OVER SURFACE OF GROWTH MEDIUM

54
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST

A

KIBRY-BAUER METHOD
MEDIA: MUELLER-HINTON AGAR
CREATE MICROBIAL LAWN
DISK OF ANTIBIOTICS DEPOSITED ON AGAR SURFACE

55
Q

ANTISEPTIC

A

KILLS PATHOGENS OR INHIBITS GROWTH ALLOWING BODY DEFENSES TO FINISH THE JOB. USED DIRECTLY ON SKIN OR ANIMATE OBJECTS

56
Q

DISINFECTANT

A

USED ON INANIMATE OBJECTS KILLS VEGETATIVE CELLS BUT NOT ENDOSPORES & SOME VIRUSES

57
Q

SANITIZERS

A

MENAT TO BE USED ON AN ALREADY CLEAN SURFACE. CHEMICAL THAT KILL A PREDETERMINED NUMBER OF VEGETATIVE CELLS

58
Q

THYMINE DIMER

A

A PAIR OF ABNORMALLY CHEMICALLY BONDED THYMINE BASES IN DNA RESULTING FROM DAMAGE BY UV IRRADIATION.

59
Q

LIGHT REPAIR

A

PHOTOREACTIVATION REQUIRES VISIBLE LIGHT 429-540NM RANGE

60
Q

DARK REPAIR

A

OPERATES ONLY IN THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT. ONLY A FEW CAN PERFORM THESE REPAIRS. ALLOWS GROWTH OF SURVIVING CELLS, MAY CARRY MUTATIONS

61
Q

UV LIGHT GERMICIDAL

A

HIGHLY GERMICIDAL BETWEEN130 - 400 NM

DOUBLES BONDS BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDES OF DNA. ABSORBS LIGHT BEST NEAR 256 NM

62
Q

ABSORBANCE

A

CAUSES DOUBLE BONDS IN DNA TO BREAK AND REFORN IN THE WRONG PLACES

63
Q

UV LIGHT PENETRATING POWER

A 
POOR PENETRATING POWER.  BLOCKED OR ABSORBED BY:
CLEAR GLASS
PLASTIC
THIN FILMS OF WATER 
ANY OPAQUE MATERIAL

Micro Lab (2 decks)

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