Lab Tests

Question 1

neutrophils (range)

Answer 1

normal range = 1.8-6.8 K/ml

Question 2

lymphocytes (range)

Answer 2

normal range = 0.9-2.9 K/ml

Question 3

monocytes (range)

Answer 3

normal range = 0.1-0.6 K/ml

Question 4

eosinophils (range)

Answer 4

normal range = 0-0.4 K/ml

Question 5

basophils (range)

Answer 5

normal range = 0-0.1 K/ml

Question 6

glucose (range)

Answer 6

normal range = 60-115 mg/dl

Question 7

hematocrit (range)

Answer 7

percentage of whole blood volume made up by RBC

normal range
male = 39-49
female = 35-45

Question 8

hemoglobin (range)

Answer 8

normal range
male = 13.6-17.5
female = 12-15.5

Question 9

neutrophils

Answer 9

increased = infections (bacterial or early viral), acute stress, acute and chronic inflammation, tumor, drugs, DKA

decreased = aplastic anemia, drug-induced neutropenia, folate or B12 deficiency, malignant lymphoproliferative disease, physiologic in children up to 4 years

Question 10

lymphocytes

Answer 10

increased = viral infection, (especially infectious mononucleosis, pertussis), thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency disease, chronic infection, drug and allergic reactions, autoimmune disease

decreased = immune deficiency syndrome

Question 11

monocytes

Answer 11

increased = inflammation, infection, malignancy, TB, myeloproliferative disorders

decreased = depleted in overwhelming bacterial infection

Question 12

eosinophils

Answer 12

increased = allergic states, drug sensitivity reaction, skin disorders, tissue invasion by parasites, hypersensitivity to malignancy, pulmonary infiltrative disease, disseminated eosinophilic hypersensitivity disease

decreased = acute and chronic inflammation, stress, drugs, steroids

Question 13

basophils

Answer 13

increased = hypersensitivity reactions, drugs, myeloproliferative disorders, myelofibrosis

Question 14

glucose

Answer 14

increased = diabetes mellitus, cushing’s syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, corticosteroids, phenytoin, estrogen, thiazides

decreased = pancreatic islet B cell disease with increased insulin, insulinoma, adrenocortical insufficiency, hypopituitarism, diffuse liver disease, infant of diabetic mother, ethanol, propranolol, sulfonylureas,

diagnosis of DM is consistent with fasting plasma glucose > 140 mg/dl on more than one occasion,

dx of hypoglycemia is

Question 15

hematocrit

Answer 15

increased = blood hypoconcentration (dehydration, burns, vomiting), polycythemia, extreme physical exercise, heavy smoking (due to presence of nonfunctional carboxyhemoglobin)

decreased = anemia, macrocytic (liver disease, hypothyroidism, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency)

normocytic anemia: (early iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, acute hemorrhage)

microcytic anemia: (iron deficiency, thalassemia)

conversion from hgb to hct is roughly hgb x 3 = hct,

spun hematocrit may be suriously high if the centrifuge is not calibrated, if the specimen is not spun to constant volume, or if there is “trapped plasma”

Question 16

hemoglobin

Answer 16

increased = blood hypoconcentration (dehydration, burns, vomiting), polycythemia, extreme physical exercise, heavy smoking (due to presence of nonfunctional carboxyhemoglobin)

decreased = anemia, macrocytic (liver disease, hypothyroidism, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency)

normocytic anemia: (early iron deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, acute hemorrhage)

microcytic anemia: (iron deficiency, thalassemia)

hypertriglyceridemia and very high WBC counts can cause false elevations of HgB

Question 17

neutrophils (range)

Answer 17

1.8-6.8 K/ml

Question 18

lymphocytes (range)

Answer 18

0.9-2.9 K/ml

Question 19

monocytes (range)

Answer 19

0.1-0.6 K/ml

Question 20

eosinophils (range)

Answer 20

0-0.4 K/ml

Question 21

basophils (range)

Answer 21

0-0.1 K/ml

Question 22

large unstained cells (range)

Answer 22

0-0.2 K/ml

Question 23

Hemoglobin (what?)

Answer 23

major component of RBC and oxygen transport

Question 24

IgG (what?)

Answer 24

makes up 85% of total serum immunoglobulins, late immune response, also only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta,

Question 25

IgM (what?)

Answer 25

early immune response

Question 26

IgA (what?)

Answer 26

important role in hot defense mechanisms by blocking transport of microbes across mucosal surfaces

Question 27

IgA (range)

Answer 27

78-367 mg/dl

Question 28

IgM (range)

Answer 28

52-335 mg/dl

Question 29

IgG (range)

Answer 29

583-1761 mg/dl

Question 30

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (range)

Answer 30

25-35s (range varies), panic >= 60s

Question 31

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Answer 31

increased = deficiency of individual anticoagulation factor except XIII and VII, hemophilia A and B, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), heparin, warfarin

decreased = hypercoag states (DIC)

comments: best test to monitor the adequacy of heparin therapy, common cause of prolongation is if heparin is in sample

Question 32

Sodium (range)

Answer 32

normal range = 135-145 meq/L

Question 33

Sodium (what)

Answer 33

predominant extracellular cation, primarily determined by volume status of individual

Question 34

Sodium

Answer 34

increased = dehydration, polyuria (DM), hyperaldosteronism, inadequate water intake (coma, hyothalamic disease), steroids, oral contraceptives

decreased = CHF, cirrhosis, vomiting, diarrhea, excessing sweating with replacement of water but not salt, salt losing nephropathy adrenal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome, water intoxication, thiazides, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, carbamazepeine

Question 35

Potassium (range)

Answer 35

normal range = 3.5-5 meq/L

Question 36

Potassium (what?)

Answer 36

predominate intracellular cation, plasma level regulated by renal excretion, plasma levels determines neuromuscular and muscular irritability, elevation or depression can interfere with muscle contraction

Question 37

Potassium

Answer 37

increased = massive hemolysis, severe tissue damage, rhabdomyolysis, acidosis, dehydration, acute or chronic renal failure, Addison’s disease, potassium salts, potassium sparing diuretics, NSAIDS, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors

decreased = low potassium intake, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, hyperaldosteronism, cushing’s syndrome, osmotic diuresis, alkalosis, diuretic therapy